X86 | EPFL Graph Search

La famille x86 regroupe les microprocesseurs compatibles avec le jeu d'instructions de l'Intel 8086. Cette série est nommée IA-32 (pour Intel architecture 32 bits) par Intel pour ses processeurs à partir du Pentium. Un constructeur de microprocesseur pour PC doit maintenir une compatibilité descendante avec ce jeu d'instructions s'il veut que les logiciels déjà écrits fonctionnent sur les nouveaux microprocesseurs. Origine du nom Le nom est un terme générique pour la famille de processeurs Intel, le "x" correspondant à plusieurs valeurs, depuis le 8086, en passant par 80286, 80386 ou 80486. Historique À l'origine de conception CISC, les nouvelles générations ont été de plus en plus conçues comme des processeurs RISC, les instructions complexes étant transformées dans le microprocesseur en instructions plus élémentaires depuis le Pentium Pro. Cette famille de processeurs, dont le Pentium est emblématique, est passée au . La gamme AMD64 d'AMD introduit des ext

Synthesis of Flexible Accelerators for Early Adoption of Ring-LWE Post-quantum Cryptography

Subhadeep Banik, Hamid Nejatollahi, Francesco Regazzoni

The advent of the quantum computer makes current public-key infrastructure insecure. Cryptography community is addressing this problem by designing, efficiently implementing, and evaluating novel public-key algorithms capable of withstanding quantum computational power. Governmental agencies, such as NIST, are promoting standardization of quantum-resistant algorithms that is expected to run for 7 years. Several modern applications must maintain permanent data secrecy; therefore, they ultimately require the use of quantum-resistant algorithms. Because algorithms are still under scrutiny for eventual standardization, the deployment of the hardware implementation of quantum-resistant algorithms is still in early stages. In this article, we propose a methodology to design programmable hardware accelerators for lattice-based algorithms, and we use the proposed methodology to implement flexible and energy efficient post-quantum cache-based accelerators for NewHope, Kyber, Dilithium, Key Consensus from Lattice (KCL), and R.EMBLEM submissions to the NIST standardization contest. To the best of our knowledge, we propose the first efficient domain-specific, programmable cache-based accelerators for lattice-based algorithms. We design a single accelerator for a common kernel among various schemes with different kernel sizes, i.e., loop count, and data types. This is in contrast to the traditional approach of designing one special purpose accelerators for each scheme. We validate our methodology by integrating our accelerators into an HLS-based SoC infrastructure based on the X86 processor and evaluate overall performance. Our experiments demonstrate the suitability of the approach and allow us to collect insightful information about the performance bottlenecks and the energy efficiency of the explored algorithms. Our results provide guidelines for hardware designers, highlighting the optimization points to address for achieving the highest energy minimization and performance increase. At the same time, our proposed design allows us to specify and execute new variants of lattice-based schemes with superior energy efficiency compared to the main application processor without changing the hardware acceleration platform. For example, we manage to reduce the energy consumption up to 2.1x and energy-delay product (EDP) up to 5.2x and improve the speedup up to 2.5x.

ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY2020

Hardware and Software Support for Virtualization

Edouard Bugnion

This book focuses on the core question of the necessary architectural support provided by hardware to efficiently run virtual machines, and of the corresponding design of the hypervisors that run them. Virtualization is still possible when the instruction set architecture lacks such support, but the hypervisor remains more complex and must rely on additional techniques. Despite the focus on architectural support in current architectures, some historical perspec- tive is necessary to appropriately frame the problem. e first half of the book provides the historical perspective of the theoretical framework developed four decades ago by Popek and Goldberg. It also describes earlier systems that enabled virtualization despite the lack of architectural support in hardware. As is often the case, theory defines a necessary—but not sufficient—set of features, and modern architectures are the result of the combination of the theoretical framework with insights derived from practical systems. e second half of the book describes state-of-the-art support for virtualization in both x86-64 and ARM processors. is book includes an in-depth description of the CPU, memory, and I/O virtualization of these two processor architectures, as well as case studies on the Linux/KVM, VMware, and Xen hypervisors. It concludes with a performance comparison of virtualization on current-generation x86- and ARM-based systems across multiple hypervisors.

Mogan & Claypool2017

Synthesis of Flexible Accelerators for Early Adoption of Ring-LWE Post-quantum Cryptography

Subhadeep Banik, Hamid Nejatollahi, Francesco Regazzoni

ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY2020