Red–green–brown alliance

The term red–green–brown alliance, originating in France in the 2000s, refers to the alliance of leftists (red), Islamists (green), and the far right (brown). The term has also been used to describe alleged alliances of industrial union-focused leftists (red), ecologically-minded agrarians (green), and the far right (brown). French essayist Alexandre del Valle wrote of "a red–brown–green ... ideological alliance" in a 22 April 2002 article in the centre-right Le Figaro newspaper, also writing of "red–brown–green, the strange alliance" in a January 2004 article in the Politique Internationale magazine. Del Valle's conceptual rendering of Islamist ideological trends appears to be based at least partially on earlier writings in which he charged the United States and Western Europe with favouring the "war machine" of "armed Islamism" via its funding of the Afghanistani mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War during the Ronald Reagan presidency. In 2010, Del Valle published an essay in Italy titled "Rossi, Neri, Verdi: a convergenza degli Estremi opposti" ("Red, Black, Green: The Meeting of Extreme Opposites"). The later popularity of the red–green–brown theory and its various permutations derives mainly from a speech given by Roger Cukierman, president of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (CRIF), to a CRIF banquet on 25 January 2003, and given prominence by a 27/28 January 2003 newspaper article in Le Monde. Cukierman used the French term "alliance brun-vert-rouge" to describe the antisemitic alignment supposedly shared by "an extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the colour brown in reference to the Sturmabteilung), "an extreme left [which is] anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, anti-American [and] anti-Zionist" (red), and followers of José Bové (green). In the United States, a similar alliance of disparate groups occurred in opposition to the World Trade Organization in the alter-globalization movement, which saw trade unions, neo-Luddite environmentalists, and paleoconservative nationalists like Pat Buchanan joining a common cause.