Processus de Galton-Watson

Résumé

Le processus de Galton-Watson (ou processus de Bienaymé-Galton-Watson) est un processus stochastique permettant de décrire des dynamiques de populations. C'est un cas particulier de processus de branchements. Historique À l'origine, ce modèle a été introduit par Bienaymé en 1845 et indépendamment par Galton en 1873 en vue d'étudier la disparition des patronymes. Supposons que chaque adulte mâle transmette son patronyme à chacun de ses enfants. Supposons également que le nombre d'enfants de chaque homme soit une variable aléatoire entière (et que la distribution de probabilité soit la même pour tous les hommes dans une lignée). Alors, un patronyme dont les porteurs ont un nombre d'enfant strictement inférieur à 1 en moyenne est amené à disparaître. Inversement, si le nombre moyen d'enfants est supérieur à 1, alors la probabilité de survie de ce nom est non nulle et en cas de survie, le nombre de porteurs du patronyme connaît une croissance exponentielle. Formulation g

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_de_Galton-Watson

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Statistical Inference for Partially Observed Stochastic Epidemics

Andrea Kraus

This work is concerned with the estimation of the spreading potential of the disease in the initial stages of an epidemic. A speedy and accurate estimation is important for determining whether or not interventions are necessary to prevent a major outbreak. At the same time, the information available in the early stages is scarce and data collection imperfect. We consider an epidemic in a large susceptible population, and address the estimation based on temporally aggregated counts of new cases that are subject to unknown random under-reporting. We allow for an influence of the detection process on the evolution of the epidemic. While the proportion of infectious individuals in the population is small, the role of chance in the spread of the disease may be substantial. Therefore, stochastic epidemic models are applied. As these are difficult to analyse, the time evolution of the number of infectious individuals is approximated by branching processes. We study the estimation in a partially observed Galton–Watson process and in a partially observed linear birth and death process; and in each case focus on the parameter characterising the growth of the process. We aim at estimators that perform well in the asymptotic sense where a single trajectory is observed over a long period of time, and study the asymptotics conditionally on the eventual explosion of the process. The partially observed Galton–Watson process has been recently proposed in the literature as a model for the initial stages of an epidemic. Its probabilistic structure has been explored and estimation has been partially addressed, in that consistent estimators have been constructed. However, the estimation-related uncertainty has not been evaluated. We address this issue here by constructing estimators that are motivated from the asymptotic dependence structure of the process. We show that they are consistent and asymptotically normal, consistently estimate their asymptotic variances, and construct asymptotic confidence intervals. In addition, we evaluate their finite-sample performance in a simulation study and their practical performance on real data. The observation mechanism in the partially observed Galton–Watson process is inherently discrete. To allow for continuous-time dynamics, we incorporate partial observation in the linear birth and death process. In particular, we propose a model where the birth process is completely unobserved, while a random proportion of the death process is observed at discrete time points. We study the estimation in this model. Motivated by its counting process structure, we arrive at consistent and asymptotically normal estimators, consistently estimate their asymptotic variances, and construct asymptotic confidence intervals. We also evaluate the finite-sample and practical performance of the estimators in a simulation study and on real data.

EPFL2013

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We consider the extinction events of Galton-Watson processes with countably infinitely many types. In particular, we construct truncated and augmented Galton-Watson processes with finite but increasing sets of types. A pathwise approach is then used to show that, under some sufficient conditions, the corresponding sequence of extinction probability vectors converges to the global extinction probability vector of the Galton-Watson process with countably infinitely many types. Besides giving rise to a family of new iterative methods for computing the global extinction probability vector, our approach paves the way to new global extinction criteria for branching processes with countably infinitely many types. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV2019

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Parameter estimation for discretely observed linear birth-and-death processes

Anthony Christopher Davison, Sophie Myriam Hautphenne, Andrea Kraus

Birth-and-death processes are widely used to model the development of biological populations. Although they are relatively simple models, their parameters can be challenging to estimate, as the likelihood can become numerically unstable when data arise from the most common sampling schemes, such as annual population censuses. A further difficulty arises when the discrete observations are not equi-spaced, for example, when census data are unavailable for some years. We present two approaches to estimating the birth, death, and growth rates of a discretely observed linear birth-and-death process: via an embedded Galton-Watson process and by maximizing a saddlepoint approximation to the likelihood. We study asymptotic properties of the estimators, compare them on numerical examples, and apply the methodology to data on monitored populations.

WILEY2020

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Statistical Inference for Partially Observed Stochastic Epidemics

Andrea Kraus

EPFL2013