Bellfounding is the casting and tuning of large bronze bells in a foundry for use such as in churches, clock towers and public buildings, either to signify the time or an event, or as a musical carillon or chime. Large bells are made by casting bell metal in moulds designed for their intended musical pitches. Further fine tuning is then performed using a lathe to shave metal from the bell to produce a distinctive bell tone by sounding the correct musical harmonics.
Bellfounding in East Asia dates from about 2000 BCE and in Europe from the 4th or 5th century CE. In Britain, archaeological excavations have revealed traces of furnaces, showing that bells were often cast on site in pits in a church or its grounds. Centralised foundries became common when railways allowed easy transportation of bells, leading to the dominance of founders such as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry and John Taylor & Co of Loughborough.
Elsewhere in the world a number of foundries are still active, some using traditional methods, and some using the latest foundry techniques. Modern foundries produce harmonically tuned bells using principles established in the late 19th century; some of these are also highly decorative.
Bellfounding has been important throughout the history of ancient civilizations. Eastern bells, known for their tremendous size, were some of the earliest bells, made many centuries before the European Iron Age. The earliest bells were made of pottery, developing later into the casting of metal bells. Archaeological evidence of bellfounding appears in Neolithic China.
The earliest metal bells, with one found in the Taosi site, and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BCE. By the 13th century BCE, bells weighing over were being cast in China. After 1000 CE, iron became the most commonly used metal for bells instead of bronze. The earliest dated iron bell was manufactured in 1079 , found in Hubei Province.
Portable bells came to Britain with the spread of Celtic Christianity, and most of those still remaining share an association with Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
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Bell metal or bell bronze is an alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. It is a form of bronze with a higher tin content than most other bronzes, usually in approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (typically, 78% copper, 22% tin by mass). The higher tin content increases the rigidity of the metal, and increases the resonance. Historically, it was preferred for early cannons. Today, it also has industrial uses, being specified for valve bodies, piston rings, bearings, and bushings.
vignette|Une des cloches de la cathédrale Saint-Fulcran de Lodève (Hérault, France). vignette|Le lexique campanographe : une terminologie anthropomorphique et métaphorique.Parties de la cloche : 1. joug, 2. anses, 3. cerveau, 4. épaule, 5. robe, 6. panse, 7. pince, 8. lèvre inférieure, 9. battant, 10. faussure. Une cloche () est un instrument fait de métal, creux, ouvert, destiné à l'émission d'un son. C'est un instrument de percussion et un idiophone. Sa forme est habituellement un tambour ouvert et évidé d'une seule pièce qui résonne après avoir été frappé.
La cire perdue est un procédé de moulage de précision, pour obtenir une sculpture en métal (tel que argent, or, bronze, cuivre, aluminium) à partir d'un modèle en cire. Ce modèle en cire sera ensuite éliminé par chauffage pendant l'opération. Il faut donc l'envelopper dans une matière réfractaire et permettre au métal ou au verre de prendre la place de la cire, par des entonnoirs et des conduits, après qu'elle s'est écoulée par d'autres conduits.
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