Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest

La Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Cédéao) (Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, en portugais : Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental), est une des communautés économiques régionales en Afrique, une organisation intergouvernementale ouest-africaine créée le . Cette structure est destinée à coordonner les actions des pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Son but est de promouvoir la coopération et l'intégration avec l'objectif de créer une union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine. En 1990, son pouvoir est étendu au maintien de la stabilité régionale avec la création de lEconomic Community of West African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group, groupe militaire d'intervention qui devient permanent en 1999. La Cédéao compte aujourd'hui . En 2020, le produit intérieur brut global des États membres de la CEDEAO s'élève à de dollars américains. Bien qu'au départ son rôle soit purement économique, la Cédéao s'est assez vite intéressée au maintien de la paix. C'est en effet une condition essentielle pour qu'une union puisse se réaliser. Par ailleurs, la CEDEAO crée des infrastructures régionales en matière de transports et de télécommunications. L'union douanière de l'ouest africain formée par les quatre États du Conseil de l'Entente et le Mali en mai 1959 est l'ancêtre de la Cédéao. En 1972, le général Yakubu Gowon du Nigeria et le général Gnassingbé Eyadéma du Togo proposent la création d'une zone d'intégration économique régionale, attirant l'attention des dirigeants de la région. Ils proposent cela entre et à de la région. En raison de tensions entre différents pays, la Cédéao décide en 1978 d'adopter un protocole de non-agression, suivi en 1981 par le protocole d'assistance en matière de défense et en juillet 1991 par une déclaration des principes politiques. Mais c'est en 1990 que l'aspect sécuritaire de la Cédéao est appliqué concrètement. Lors de la Conférence des chefs d'État et de gouvernement, est convenue la mise en place d'un groupe surveillant l'application d'un cessez-le-feu, lEconomic Community of West African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group (Ecomog).

Contributing to the Quality of PV Solar Modules in West Africa

In this work, we present the set up of a testing facility for photovoltaic (PV) modules and other PV system components in Dakar, Senegal. This creation is the result of a collaboration between the Polytechnic Schools of Dakar (ESP) and Lausanne (EPFL) aiming at improving the quality of PV systems by selecting components with sufficient quality. This testing center should also contribute to the education of all actors involved in the PV sector and contribute to research activities on the aging and failure mode analysis of PV modules exposed to sub-Saharian climates such as the hot semiarid climate of Dakar region but also those of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, including Senegal.

WIP GmbH2019

Analysis of the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and its development potential

First of all, it is necessary to specify that this study is an academic work carried out by a student. The hypothesis and the line of reasoning that aect the results obtained are proposed in the context of a master thesis. Electricity supply is a big challenge for West Africa. Indeed, the state members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) face many problem of electricity as their production and distribution systems are not enough developed and reliable. A good and reliable electricity supply could allow to develop the industries and improve the attractiveness of the region. The purpose of the West African Power Pool (WAPP) is to develop the electricity sector in West Africa and guarantee a reliable and continuous electricity supply at a competitive cost. Creating an open market for the whole region seems to be the best strategy to achieve these goals. This kind of market could decrease the electricity price by the wholesale purchase of energy, a better resources management and the building of large centralized power plants. Investors can be attracted to invest in new power plants and develop the sector. The objective of the study is to analyze the benets of dierent electricity supply strategies for each country. An autarkic strategy for which each country use its local plants to produce electricity. An open market strategy for which the region is considered as a unique area with an open market.A part of independence strategy for which an open market is in place but the importing countries should produce a certain part of their electricity locally. Moreover a strategy introducing renewables technologies is assessed to evaluate the economical impact on an open market of these technologies. To evaluate these strategies, the expansion of the power pool is planned and evaluate on an economical point of view. The existing power pool is consider and candidate plants are added depending on the strategy and the country. In West Africa, the mainly used plants are thermal plants using natural gas, heavy fuel or diesel and some hydroelectric plants. The expansion is optimized using the software PLANELEC by the minimization of the net present cost (NPC). The economical evaluation is made on the NPC and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The results demonstrate that the open market strategy provides the lowest LCOE. So all the countries will benet the creation of a market. The most used technology are combined cycle power plants and gas turbines using natural gas as a fuel. The renewable energy strategy will slightly increase the LCOE of the open market as these technologies are more expensive.

2019

Analysis of the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and its development potential

2019