Marché des droits à polluer

Résumé

Le marché des droits à polluer englobe toutes les transactions par lesquelles certains pays, juridiction ou entreprises, achètent des droits de polluer. En 2005 s’est ouvert le marché européen des droits à polluer, afin de se conformer partiellement au protocole de Kyoto. En réalité ce marché des permis d’émission ne confère aucun « droit à polluer » au sens où il fixe seulement un prix de marché à la pollution en tant qu'une externalité, dotée d'un coût social. Étant donné que les acheteurs et les vendeurs sont peu concernés par les conséquences externes de leurs décisions de demande et d’offre, l’équilibre du marché peut ne pas être efficace, c’est-à-dire, ne pas maximiser le bénéfice total pour la société. Le marché des droits à polluer constitue ainsi, dans une certaine mesure, une solution à l’inefficacité causée par l’externalité de la pollution. Effet des externalités sur le marché Pollution : une externalité négative à la production Selon la théorie d

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%C3%A9_des_droits_%C3%A0_polluer

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With the increasing strength and frequency of climate change events, the urgency to mitigate climate change impact is ever so important. Canada reported his Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and submitted its ambition to reduce his Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 40-45% by 2030 compared to 2005 and reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Interest for energy system modelling has been increasing for planning future energy systems, as a result of growing concern for sustainable development and transition towards renewable energies. Nevertheless, planning a decarbonization of energy system can potentially lead to environmental burden shifting, and can increase impacts on other environmental impacts such as ecosystem quality or human health. Thus, this project aims towards integrating Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and more specifically Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) within Energy Systems Modelling, in order to minimize not only climate change impacts, but human health and ecosystem quality. In addition, a dual spatial resolution was integrated in the model in order to increase data precision and computational efficiency. The results show that a low-carbon energy system, based on the optimization of GHG emissions allows to greatly reduce all the environmental impacts under analysis, compared to an all economic- based energy system, but a multi-objective optimization allows to simultaneously reduce impacts on ecosystem quality and human health, while reducing GHG emissions and keeping good economical and technical performances. The results also show that it is theoretically possible for Canada to keep on track with their emission reduction ambition by 2030, by deploying more renewable energies. This project does not allow assessing Canada’s potential to reach net-zero emissions, as environmental impacts from carbon capture technologies are still to be characterized and integrated in the model.

2022

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Potential Integration of Chinese and European Emissions Trading Market: Welfare Distribution Analysis

Ru Li, Sigit Pria Perdana, Marc Vielle

Central to the aims of the Paris Agreement, a multilateral coordinated action through integrated carbon markets has been a practical bottom up option for effective and efficient mitigation. This paper quantifies the welfare effects of potential integration of Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) between the European Union (EU) and China. The analysis is performed up to the year 2040, assessing the economic and welfare impacts for China and 28 EU Member States. Using the European version of the computable general equilibrium model GEMINI-E3, the analytical assessment reveals that integrating trading markets is beneficial for both regions, albeit stronger for the EU. Linking the EU-China trading market decreases welfare cost from abatement to some notable countries with high constitutes of energy-intensive industries such as Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic. A few others, such as the Netherlands and Ireland, face higher welfare cost from negative gain of trade. Limiting the trade quotas up 30 per cent, captures most of the welfare gain coming from CO2 trading for the EU. Further analysis in sectoral level finds that market integration significantly minimizes the loss of competitiveness of European energy-intensive industries and reduces the international leakage. Our finding thus confirms the potential of emissions trading market as an effective instrument to facilitate multilateral coordination in global mitigation.

2020

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Footprint of SO2 in China's international trade and the interregional hotspot analysis

Qinli Lu

SO2, which is one of key components that can deteriorate the environment, can be relocated by international trade. Based on the EORA, the EDGAR databases and input-output model, this study calculated China's SO2 emissions caused by import and export, and presented a method to exhibit China's export-related SO2 footprint at a high resolution. The results showed that export generated more SO2 emissions than import, and the two both increased rapidly since 1990, but decreased in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Both importand export-related SO2 emissions were concentrated more in undeveloped regions and several developed countries. High percentage of China's export-related SO2 emissions were mainly observed on the secondary industry activities. The percentages for most sectors increased before 2005 and decreased in 2015. Spatially, the export-related emissions decreased obviously from the southeast to the northwest within China. China's export-related SO2 emissions showed an increasing trend overall during 1990-2012. Areas with increasing emission trends were mainly concentrated in areas where the secondary industries were concentrated, such as the North China Plain. Both the increasing and decreasing areas showed highly significant changing trends. The east and south showed intensive distributions of the highly significant changing trends.

ELSEVIER SCI LTD2020

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