Groupe des quatreLe Groupe des Quatre (abrégé en G4 ou, plus officiellement, en G-4) est une alliance entre l'Allemagne, le Brésil, l'Inde et le Japon se soutenant mutuellement afin que ces États puissent obtenir chacun un siège permanent au Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies. À la différence du G8 dont les dénominateurs communs sont l'économie et la politique, le but clairement affirmé du G-4 est l'obtention par chacun de ces pays du statut de membre permanent du Conseil de sécurité.
International relations (1648–1814)International relations from 1648 to 1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna. Balance of power: The concept of the balance of power emerged as a fundamental principle in international relations during this period. Major powers sought to maintain a delicate equilibrium to prevent the domination of any single state or coalition, often leading to alliances, territorial adjustments, and military interventions.
Emerging powerAn emerging power or rising power is a state or union of states with significant rising influence in global affairs. Such a power aspires to have a more powerful position or role in international relations, either regionally or globally, and possess sufficient resources and levels of development that such goals are potentially achievable. There are few available conceptualizations of the term "emerging power". Therefore, there is no standard or agreed method to decide which states are emerging powers.