Courant de HumboldtLe courant de Humboldt ou courant du Pérou est un courant marin de surface, parcourant l'océan Pacifique. Prenant naissance près de l'Antarctique, il est froid, environ 7 à 8 degrés inférieur à la température moyenne de la mer à la même latitude. Il longe les côtes du Chili et du Pérou et, riches en plancton, ses eaux sont très poissonneuses. Il a été nommé d'après le naturaliste Alexandre de Humboldt. Durant le phénomène d'El Niño, il disparaît et laisse sa place à un courant chaud, diminuant le plancton et augmentant alors les précipitations de la façade pacifique de l'Amérique du Sud.
Water massAn oceanographic water mass is an identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water. Properties include temperature, salinity, chemical - isotopic ratios, and other physical quantities which are conservative flow tracers. Water mass is also identified by its non-conservative flow tracers such as silicate, nitrate, oxygen, and phosphate. Water masses are generally distinguished not only by their respective tracers but also by their location in the Worlds' oceans.
Geostrophic currentA geostrophic current is an oceanic current in which the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis effect. The direction of geostrophic flow is parallel to the isobars, with the high pressure to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere, and the high pressure to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This concept is familiar from weather maps, whose isobars show the direction of geostrophic winds. Geostrophic flow may be either barotropic or baroclinic.
