Laser hélium-néon | EPFL Graph Search

thumb|right|Laser hélium-néon en démonstration au Laboratoire Kastler Brossel. Un laser hélium-néon est un laser à de petite dimension. Il a de nombreuses applications scientifiques et industrielles, on l'utilise aussi au laboratoire pour les démonstrations d'optique. Il émet dans le rouge à (nanomètres). Définition Le milieu amplificateur est un mélange de gaz néon et hélium, dans une proportion variant de 1/5 à 1/20, enfermé à basse pression (en moyenne par centimètre de longueur de la cavité) dans une ampoule de verre. La source d'énergie du laser (ou « source de pompage ») est une décharge électrique de l'ordre du kilovolt appliquée à l'anode et à la cathode situées de part et d'autre du tube de verre. Dans le cas d'une émission continue on utilise le plus souvent un courant de 5 à . La cavité optique du laser est ordinairement constituée d'un miroir à haut pouvoir réfléchissant d'un côté du tube, et d'un miroir concave (output coupler) avec un indice de transmiss

Embrittlement induced by the synergistic effects of radiation damage and helium in structural steels

Kun Wang

Ferritic/martensitic steels are candidate materials for fusion reactor structural components, liquid metal containers of spallation neutron sources, and accelerator driven systems, with good radiation resistance and thermo-mechanical properties. However, embrittlement resulting from the combined effects of radiation induced displacement damage (measured in dpa = displacement per atom) and transmutation products, especially helium gas, is one of the key issues. Four different steels were selected for mechanical and microstructural studies to understand the mechanisms of embrittlement induced by the combined effects of displacement damage and helium after irradiation in SINQ, the Swiss spallation source. The irradiations conditions were in the range: 10.7 ¿ 20.4 dpa with 850-1750 appm He at 160-300 °C. The evolution of the mechanical properties after irradiation was investigated by tensile and hardness tests. Radiation-induced defect clusters and helium bubbles were quantified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Emphasis was put on the deformation mechanisms under the different observed fracture mode, (ductile, quasi-cleavage and intergranular), whose occurrence depends on the irradiation conditions (dpa, He content and irradiation temperature). The tensile stress-strain curves and the scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surfaces showed distinct fracture mechanisms under different irradiation and test conditions. The tensile tests showed a yielding stress increase and loss of ductility of irradiated specimens. Hardness was measured on the specimens before tensile testing. The hardness results demonstrated an increasing trend with irradiation dose and helium content. TEM observations were done for all irradiated fractured specimens. Small defect clusters were observed in the 12.3 dpa specimen, but large defect clusters with loop-shape were very few. In the specimens of 17.2, 17.7 and 20.4 dpa, many large dislocation loops were detected besides small clusters. In addition, helium bubbles were observed in all specimens. The average size of defect clusters increased from 4.2 nm to 11.8 nm with dose increasing from 12.3 dpa to 20.4 dpa, whereas the number density did not change significantly. Meanwhile, the average size of visible helium bubbles increased from 1.03 nm to 1.93 nm. The microstructures in deformed area of irradiated specimens were observed and defect free channels with {110} and {112} slip planes were found in some specimens, indicating plastic flow localization. The average width of the channels is about 100 nm. Regarding the brittle samples, the TEM-lamella were extracted directly below intergranular fracture surfaces or cleavage surfaces by focused ion beam. Strikingly, deformation twinning was observed as the main feature in three irradiated specimens at high dose. Only twins with {112} planes were observed in all of these samples. The average thickness of twins is about 34 nm. Twins started from a fracture surface became gradually thinner with distance away from the fracture surface and stopped in the matrix finally. Features such as twin-precipitates interaction, twin-grain boundary and/or lath boundary interaction were observed. Twinning bands were seen to be arrested by grain boundaries or large precipitates, but could penetrate martensitic lath boundaries. Unlike the case of defect free channels, inside twins small defect-clusters, dislocation loops and dense small helium bubbles were observed.

EPFL2015

Energy and orientation independence of the channel branching in Ne* + ND3 chemi-ionisation

Sean Dennis Steven Gordon, Andreas Osterwalder

Collisions of excited neon atoms with ammonia molecules can lead to two reaction processes, dissociative ionisation and Penning ionisation. Both processes result in the ionisation of the ammonia molecule and redistribution of the electronic energy into the internal ammonia ion rovibrational modes. We performed energy dependent, crossed-beam stereodynamics studies of the branching ratio between the two ionisation processes. It was found that the branching ratio is totally and completely insensitive to both the neon orientation and the collision energy across the range we sampled, 370–520 cm􏰀1. The total lack of stereodynamics can be explained by the structure of the ammonia and that its orientation, which we do not attempt to control, is the critical factor in the reaction outcome.

2019

Embrittlement induced by the synergistic effects of radiation damage and helium in structural steels

Kun Wang

EPFL2015