Armée de réserve de travailleursL'armée de réserve de travailleurs est un concept d'économie politique étudié par Karl Marx. Il est développé dans le chapitre 25 de son livre Le Capital. Ce concept entretient des rapports avec le phénomène du chômage dans les sociétés capitalistes. Des expressions synonymiques comme « armée de réserve industrielle » ou « surplus relatif de population » sont utilisables pour désigner l'armée de réserve de travailleurs. Le terme « chômeurs » suppose un filtre idéologique particulier. Il couvre un champ sémantique différent.
Critiques de l'économieLes critiques de l'économie sont l'ensemble des reproches et mises en cause adressées à l'économie en tant que discipline académique ou l'économie politique. Les premières grandes critiques de l'économie ont lieu au XIXe siècle, au moment où les théories économiques se développent. Thomas Carlyle qualifie l'économie de dans un essai publié en 1849, Discours de circonstance sur la condition noire. Le premier grand critique de l'économie en tant que discipline est toutefois Karl Marx, notamment dans sa Critique de l'économie politique (1859).
Simple commodity productionSimple commodity production (einfache Warenproduktion), also known as petty commodity production, is a term coined by Friedrich Engels to describe productive activities under the conditions of what Karl Marx had called the "simple exchange" of commodities, where independent producers trade their own products. The use of the word simple does not refer to the nature of the producers or of their production, but rather to the relatively simple and straightforward exchange processes involved.
Value productThe value product (VP) is an economic concept formulated by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy during the 1860s, and used in Marxian social accounting theory for capitalist economies. Its annual monetary value is approximately equal to the netted sum of six flows of income generated by production: wages and salaries of employees. profit including distributed and undistributed profit. interest paid by producing enterprises from current gross income rent paid by producing enterprises from current gross income, including land rents.
Reproduction (economics)In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes. Michel Aglietta views economic reproduction as the process whereby the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created. Marx viewed reproduction as the process by which society re-created itself, both materially and socially.
Socially necessary labour timeSocially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently constrains producers in their attempt to economise on labour. It does not 'guide' them, as it can only be determined after the event and is thus inaccessible to forward planning. Unlike individual labour hours in the classical labour theory of value formulated by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, Marx's exchange value is conceived as a proportion (or 'aliquot part') of society's labour-time.
