Popular front

A popular front is "any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties", including liberal and social democratic ones, "united for the defense of democratic forms" against "a presumed Fascist assault". More generally, it is "a coalition especially of leftist political parties against a common opponent". The term was first used in the mid-1930s in Europe by communists concerned over the ascent of fascism in Italy and Germany, which they sought to combat by coalescing with non-communist political groupings they had previously attacked as enemies. Temporarily successful popular front governments were formed in France, Spain, and Chile in 1936. Not all political organizations who use the term "popular front" are leftist or coalitions formed to defend democratic norms (for example Popular Front of India), and not all leftist or anti-fascist coalitions use the term "popular front" in their name. When communist parties came to power after World War II in the People's Republic of China, and the countries of Central, and Eastern Europe, it was common to do so at the head of a "front" (such as the United Front and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in China, the National Front in Czechoslovakia, the Front of National Unity in Poland, the Democratic Bloc in East Germany, etc.) containing several ostensibly-noncommunist parties. While it was the communist party—not the fronts—that held power in these countries, the alleged coalitions gave the Party the ability to maintain that it did not have a monopoly on power in that country. Communist front Another use of the word "front" in connection with communist activity was "Communist front". This phrase used "front" not in the sense of a political movement "linking divergent elements to achieve common objectives", but as a facade "used to mask" the identity/true character/activity of "the actual controlling agent", (examples being the World Federation of Democratic Youth, International Union of Students, World Federation of Trade Unions, Women's International Democratic Federation, and the World Peace Council).

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Communist front

A communist front is a political organization identified as a front organization under the effective control of a communist party, the Communist International or other communist organizations. They attracted politicized individuals who were not party members but who often followed the party line and were called fellow travellers. Vladimir Lenin originated the idea in his manifesto of 1902, What Is to Be Done? Since the party was illegal in Russia, he proposed to reach the masses through "a large number of other organizations intended for wide membership and, which, therefore, can be as loose and as public as possible".

Antifascisme

L'antifascisme est l'opposition organisée au fascisme et, plus largement, à l'extrême droite. Il prend forme dans les années 1920 et se développe conséquemment à la montée du fascisme en Europe. Il a connu un très fort développement au cours des années 1930, étant à l'origine de la formation des , puis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale au sein des résistances contre les dictatures fascistes et nazies ainsi que contre les régimes de collaboration.

Capitalisme monopoliste d'État

vignette|Karl Marx Le capitalisme monopoliste d'État (CME) est un concept marxiste qui désigne un stade du développement du capitalisme caractérisé par la disparition de la concurrence et l'apparition d'une forme monopolistique d'économie. Ce concept a été développé par Lénine dans son étude sur l'impérialisme et par Paul Boccara, notamment dans Étude sur le capitalisme monopoliste d'État, sa crise et son issue.