Violent extremism

Violent extremism is a form of extremism that condones and enacts violence with ideological or deliberate intent, such as religious or political violence. Violent extremist views often conflate with religious and political violence, and can manifest in connection with a range of issues, including politics, religion, and gender relations. Although "radicalization" is considered by some to be a contentious term, its general use has come to regard the process by which an individual or group adopts violence as a desirable and legitimate means of action. According to the RAND Corporation, extremism is a term used to characterize a variety of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that often are on the extreme end of the political, religious, or ideological spectrum within civil society. In United States military jargon, the term violent extremist organizations (VEO) is defined as groups of "individuals who support or commit ideologically motivated violence to further political goals". This may include both international terrorist organizations (ITO) and homegrown violent extremists (HVE). There is no single profile or pathway for radicalization, or even speed at which it happens. Nor does the level of education seem to be a reliable predictor of vulnerability to radicalization. It is however established that there are socio-economic, psychological, and institutional factors that lead to violent extremism. Specialists group these factors into three main categories: push factors, pull factors, and contextual factors. "Push factors" are factors which drive individuals to violent extremism, such as: marginalization, social inequality, discrimination, persecution or the perception thereof; limited access to quality and relevant education; the denial of rights and civil liberties; and other environmental, historical, and socio-economic grievances. "Pull factors" are factors which nurture the appeal of violent extremism; for example, the existence of well-organized violent extremist groups with compelling discourses and effective programs that are providing services, revenue and/or employment in exchange for membership.

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Violence politique

La violence politique est un concept utilisé en sciences sociales et politiques qui fait référence à . Le concept recouvre de nombreuses activités. Dans le contexte de conflits armés, son spectre comprend des actes ou des événements comme la tentative isolée d'assassinats, la guérilla locale ou à petite échelle, la rébellion armée ou la résistance, le terrorisme politique, l'état de terreur, la répression ou la guerre.

Terrorisme chrétien

Le terrorisme chrétien est l'ensemble des activités considérées comme terroristes et entreprises par des personnes ou des groupes qui expriment des motivations liées au christianisme il est très souvent lié au terrorisme d'extrême droite et au suprémacisme blanc. Il se fonde souvent sur une lecture soit raciste, soit intégriste de la Bible. À la fin du siècle, il est représenté par exemple par l'attentat du cinéma Saint-Michel à Paris en 1988, par l'attentat d'Oklahoma City en 1995 ou par l'attentat du parc du Centenaire.

Religious fanaticism

Religious fanaticism, or religious extremism, is a pejorative designation used to indicate uncritical zeal or obsessive enthusiasm that is related to one's own, or one's group's, devotion to a religion – a form of human fanaticism that could otherwise be expressed in one's other involvements and participation, including employment, role, and partisan affinities. Historically, the term was applied in Christian antiquity to denigrate non-Christian religions, and subsequently acquired its current usage with the Age of Enlightenment.

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