Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two types of self-pollination: in autogamy, pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower; in geitonogamy, pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same flowering plant, or from microsporangium to ovule within a single (monoecious) gymnosperm. Some plants have mechanisms that ensure autogamy, such as flowers that do not open (cleistogamy), or stamens that move to come into contact with the stigma. The term selfing that is often used as a synonym, is not limited to self-pollination, but also applies to other type of self-fertilization.
Few plants self-pollinate without the aid of pollen vectors (such as wind or insects). The mechanism is seen most often in some legumes such as peanuts. In another legume, soybeans, the flowers open and remain receptive to insect cross pollination during the day. If this is not accomplished, the flowers self-pollinate as they are closing. Among other plants that can self-pollinate are many kinds of orchids, peas, sunflowers and tridax. Most of the self-pollinating plants have small, relatively inconspicuous flowers that shed pollen directly onto the stigma, sometimes even before the bud opens. Self-pollinated plants expend less energy in the production of pollinator attractants and can grow in areas where the kinds of insects or other animals that might visit them are absent or very scarce—as in the Arctic or at high elevations.
Self-pollination limits the variety of progeny and may depress plant vigor. However, self-pollination can be advantageous, allowing plants to spread beyond the range of suitable pollinators or produce offspring in areas where pollinator populations have been greatly reduced or are naturally variable.
Pollination can also be accomplished by cross-pollination.
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vignette|redresse=1.3|Diverses fleurs « simples » et Composées de différentes familles. En biologie, chez les « plantes à fleurs » (angiospermes), la fleur constitue l'organe de la reproduction sexuée et l'ensemble des « enveloppes » qui l'entourent. Après la pollinisation, la fleur est fécondée et se transforme en fruit contenant les graines (ou parfois en fruits sans graines). Les fleurs peuvent être solitaires, mais elles sont le plus souvent regroupées en inflorescences.
A hermaphrodite (hərˈmæfrəˌdaɪt) is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are of different sexes, either male or female but not both, are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many taxonomic groups of animals, primarily invertebrates, are hermaphrodites, capable of producing viable gametes of both sexes. In the great majority of tunicates, mollusks, and earthworms, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the female or male.
vignette|Abeille en train de butiner L’entomophilie, appelée aussi fécondation entomophile ou entomogamie, est un mode de pollinisation dans lequel des insectes participent au transport du pollen, jusqu'au stigmate du pistil chez les angiospermes et jusqu'à l'ovule chez les gymnospermes. Les insectes butineurs les plus aptes à assurer la pollinisation des plantes à fleurs appartiennent à l'ordre des hyménoptères, ce sont notamment les bourdons, les osmies et les abeilles élevées par les apiculteurs.
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