Cortex cellulaire

Résumé

vignette|Distribution de la F-actine dans le cortex cellulaire, comme le montre la coloration à la rhodamine-phalloïdine de cellules HeLa qui expriment de façon constitutive l'Histone H2B-GFP pour marquer les chromosomes. La F-actine est ainsi représentée en rouge, tandis que l'Histone H2B est affichée en vert. La cellule de gauche est en mitose, comme le démontre la condensation des chromosomes, tandis que la cellule de droite est en interphase (comme déterminé par un noyau cellulaire intact) dans un état de suspension. Dans les deux cas, la F-actine est enrichie à la périphérie de la cellule. Barre d'échelle : 10 micromètres. Le cortex cellulaire (cortex en latin signifiant écorce) est une couche spécialisée de cytoplasme sur la face interne de la membrane plasmique et qui sert de support mécanique à celle-ci. Dans les cellules animales le cortex est une couche riche en actine responsable des mouvements de la surface de la cellule. Chez les plantes, le cortex est renforcé par des mic

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_cellulaire

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This course instructs students in the use of advanced computational models and simulations in cell biology. The importance of dimensionality, symmetry and conservation in models of self-assembly, membranes, and polymer/filament scaling laws reveals how cells exploit these principles in life.

The course covers in detail molecular mechanisms of cancer development with emphasis on cell cycle control, genome stability, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

Students will learn essentials of cell and developmental biology, with an emphasis on animal model systems and quantitative approaches.

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Mechanisms of spindle positioning: cortical force generators in the limelight

Pierre Gönczy, Sachin Kotak

Correct positioning of the spindle governs placement of the cytokinesis furrow and thus plays a crucial role in the partitioning of fate determinants and the disposition of daughter cells in a tissue. Converging evidence indicates that spindle positioning is often dictated by interactions between the plus-end of astral microtubules that emanate from the spindle poles and an evolutionary conserved cortical machinery that serves to pull on them. At the heart of this machinery lies a ternary complex (LIN-5/GPR-1/2/G alpha in Caenorhabditis elegans and NuMA/LGN/G alpha i in Homo sapiens) that promotes the presence of the motor protein dynein at the cell cortex. In this review, we discuss how the above components contribute to spindle positioning and how the underlying mechanisms are precisely regulated to ensure the proper execution of this crucial process in metazoan organisms

2013

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How living systems break symmetry in an organized manner is a fundamental question in biology. In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes, symmetry breaking during anterior-posterior axis specification is guided by centrosomes, resulting in anterior-directed cortical flows and a single posterior PAR-2 domain. We uncover that C. elegans zygotes depleted of the Aurora A kinase AIR-1 or lacking centrosomes entirely usually establish two posterior PAR-2 domains, one at each pole. We demonstrate that AIR-1 prevents symmetry breaking early in the cell cycle, whereas centrosomal AIR-1 instructs polarity initiation thereafter. Using triangular microfabricated chambers, we establish that bipolarity of air-1(RNAi) embryos occurs effectively in a cell-shape and curvature-dependent manner. Furthermore, we develop an integrated physical description of symmetry breaking, wherein local PAR-2-dependent weakening of the actin cortex, together with mutual inhibition of anterior and posterior PAR proteins, provides a mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking without centrosomes.

2019

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The positioning and the elongation of the mitotic spindle must be carefully regulated. In human cells, the evolutionary conserved proteins LGN/Gai1-3 anchor the coiled-coil protein NuMA and dynein to the cell cortex during metaphase, thus ensuring proper spindle positioning. The mechanisms governing cortical localization of NuMA and dynein during anaphase remain more elusive. Here, we report that LGN/Gai1-3 are dispensable for NuMA-dependent cortical dynein enrichment during anaphase. We further establish that NuMA is excluded from the equatorial region of the cell cortex in a manner that depends on the centralspindlin components CYK4 and MKLP1. Importantly, we reveal that NuMA can directly associate with PtdInsP (PIP) and PtdInsP2 (PIP2) phosphoinositides in vitro. Furthermore, chemical or enzymatic depletion of PIP/PIP2 prevents NuMA cortical localization during mitosis, and conversely, increasing PIP2 levels augments mitotic cortical NuMA. Overall, our study uncovers a novel function for plasma membrane phospholipids in governing cortical NuMA distribution and thus the proper execution of mitosis.

2014

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