A citation index is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. A form of citation index is first found in 12th-century Hebrew religious literature. Legal citation indexes are found in the 18th century and were made popular by citators such as Shepard's Citations (1873). In 1961, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the Science Citation Index (SCI), and later the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). American Chemical Society converted its printed Chemical Abstract Service (established in 1907) into internet-accessible SciFinder in 2008. The first automated citation indexing was done by CiteSeer in 1997 and was patented. Other sources for such data include Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Elsevier's Scopus, and the National Institutes of Health's iCite.
The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in rabbinic literature, the Mafteah ha-Derashot, attributed to Maimonides and probably dating to the 12th century. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. Later biblical citation indexes are in the order of the canonical text. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. The Talmudic citation index En Mishpat (1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century Shepard's Citations. Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed.
In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with Raymond's Reports (1743) and followed by Douglas's Reports (1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision.
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This course will offer students a broad but hands-on introduction to technologies of human self-organization.
Concepts and tools to understand and use the modem chemical information environment Learn how to explore the scientific literature, how to use the information found in agreement with intellectual prop
This course examines key areas of contemporary migration politics in a historical perspective, such as refugee protection, border security, and regional integration. It also trains students in methods
Un facteur d'impact ou FI (en anglais, impact factor ou IF, journal impact factor ou JIF) est un indicateur qui estime indirectement la visibilité d'une revue scientifique. Pour une année donnée, le FI d'une revue est égal à la moyenne des nombres de citations des articles de cette revue publiés durant les deux années précédentes. Ce facteur d'impact, qui mesure une certaine visibilité, est considéré par certains gestionnaires de la recherche et certains chercheurs comme un critère pertinent : une revue avec un FI élevé serait ainsi considérée comme plus importante (parce que plus visible : plus lue et plus citée) qu'une revue avec un FI faible.
Le Web of Science est une plateforme d’information scientifique et technique gérée par Clarivate, et originellement produite par la société ISI – Institute for Scientific Information de Thomson Scientific, division du groupe canadien Thomson Reuters.
est un service de Google permettant la recherche d'articles et de publications scientifiques. Lancé fin 2004, il inventorie des articles approuvés ou non par des comités de lecture (en peer-reviewed), des thèses de type universitaire, des citations ou encore des livres scientifiques. L'index de Google Scholar contient la plupart des journaux en ligne soumis à des comités de lecture, journaux provenant des grands éditeurs de littérature scientifique.
Explore les mesures de citation, en mettant l'accent sur la vulnérabilité du facteur d'impact du Journal à la manipulation et en introduisant le h-index.
Explore l'extraction de l'information, les pratiques de citation et l'utilisation des ressources scientifiques pour la recherche.
Explore l'influence de la manipulation dans les moteurs de recherche et l'importance de l'examen scientifique par les pairs et des mesures de citation.
Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is considered an important approach for understanding multidomain fields and is widely used in complex systems such as aerospace. In this article, a detailed survey of MBSE literature was conducted from its commenceme ...
This study provides the first quantification of buyers' role in the outcome of R&D procurement contracts. We combine together four data sources on US federal R&D contracts, follow-on patented inventions, federal public workforce characteristics, and percep ...
WILEY2021
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Background While specialization plays an essential role in how scientific research is pursued, we understand little about its effects on a researcher's impact and career. In particular, the extent to which one specializes within their chosen fields likely ...