Socialisme d'ÉtatLe terme de socialisme d’État désigne la mise en œuvre par un État, ou plus précisément par son gouvernement, d'une politique socialiste : le sens de l'expression, la nature du socialisme envisagé et la portée des politiques de l'État changent grandement en fonction des écoles de pensée et du contexte historique. Les sens donnés à l'expression socialisme d'État peuvent être contradictoires entre eux, le terme pouvant désigner des réalités politiques très variées, et être utilisé par des courants politiques opposés les uns aux autres.
Socialisation des biensvignette|Oeuvre Le premier Tracteur de Wladimir Gawriilowitsch Krikhatzki La socialisation des biens est suivant la théorie de Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels une étape dans le processus de transformation d'une société capitaliste à une société communiste qui se distingue par l'abolition de l'héritage et de la propriété privée des moyens de production et par l'appropriation de ceux-ci par la collectivité.
Économie planifiéeLa « planification impérative de l'économie » est dirigée, généralement à l’échelle d’un État, au moyen d’un plan fixant les objectifs de production sur une période annuelle ou pluriannuelle. Autrement dit, elle désigne un mode d'organisation fondé sur la propriété collective ou étatique des entreprises qui se voient imposer des objectifs de production par un plan centralisé. Elle peut être démocratique ou non, selon les différents pays qui l'ont appliquée.
State ownershipState ownership, also called government ownership and public ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget.
Market socialismMarket socialism is a type of economic system involving social ownership of the means of production within the framework of a market economy. Various models for such a system exist, usually involving some mix of public, cooperative, and privately owned enterprises. The central idea is that, as in capitalism, businesses compete for profits, however they will be "owned, or at least governed," by those who work in them. Market socialism differs from non-market socialism in that the market mechanism is utilized for the allocation of capital goods and the means of production.
Socialist stateA socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism. The term communist state is often used synonymously in the West, specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building socialism and progressing toward a communist society.
Socialist calculation debateThe socialist calculation debate, sometimes known as the economic calculation debate, was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money, financial prices for capital goods and private ownership of the means of production. More specifically, the debate was centered on the application of economic planning for the allocation of the means of production as a substitute for capital markets and whether or not such an arrangement would be superior to capitalism in terms of efficiency and productivity.
Stagnation brejnéviennethumb|Léonid Brejnev, dirigeant de l'Union soviétique, 9 juin 1972. La stagnation brejnévienne, également nommée ère de stagnation (en Период застоя) et, en langage courant, zastoï (en застой), est un terme popularisé par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev et ses idéologues afin de décrire la manière négative dont il considérait les politiques économiques, politiques et sociales de l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques (URSS) qui a commencé sous la fin du règne de Léonid Brejnev de 1976 à 1982, et s'est poursuivie sous Iouri Andropov de 1982 à 1984 et Konstantin Tchernenko en 1984 et 1985.
Social dividendThe social dividend is the return on the natural resources and capital assets owned by society in a socialist economy. The concept notably appears as a key characteristic of market socialism, where it takes the form of a dividend payment to each citizen derived from the property income generated by publicly owned enterprises, representing the individual's share of the capital and natural resources owned by society. Although the social dividend concept has not yet been applied on a large scale, similar policies have been adopted on a limited basis.
Socialist-oriented market economyThe socialist-oriented market economy (Vietnamese: Kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa) is the official title given to the current economic system in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It is described as a multi-sectoral market economy where the state sector plays the decisive role in directing economic development, with the eventual long-term goal of developing socialism. The socialist-oriented market economy is a product of the Đổi Mới economic reforms which led to the replacement of the centrally planned economy with a market-based mixed economy based on the predominance of state-owned industry.
