Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that employ a huge variety of reproductive strategies, ranging from fully asexual to almost exclusively sexual species. Most species can reproduce both sexually and asexually, alternating between haploid and diploid forms. This contrasts with many eukaryotes such as mammals, where the adults are always diploid and produce haploid gametes which combine to form the next generation. In fungi, both haploid and diploid forms can reproduce – haploid individuals can undergo asexual reproduction while diploid forms can produce gametes that combine to give rise to the next generation.
Mating in fungi is a complex process governed by mating types. Research on fungal mating has focused on several model species with different behaviour. Not all fungi reproduce sexually and many that do are isogamous; thus, for many members of the fungal kingdom, the terms "male" and "female" do not apply. Homothallic species are able to mate with themselves, while in heterothallic species only isolates of opposite mating types can mate.
Mating between isogamous fungi may consist only of a transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another. Vegetative incompatibility within species often prevents a fungal isolate from mating with another isolate. Isolates of the same incompatibility group do not mate or mating does not lead to successful offspring. High variation has been reported including same-chemotype mating, sporophyte to gametophyte mating and biparental transfer of mitochondria.
File:zygo2.png|Fungi within [[Zygomycota]] form progametangia with suspensors during mating
File:sacfungi.png|Fungi within [[Ascomycota]] form ascogonium and antheridium with trichogyne bridge
File:clubfungi2.png|Typical mating fusion of two compatible monokaryons in [[Basidiomycota]]
A zygomycete hypha grows towards a compatible mate and they both form a bridge, called a progametangia, by joining at the hyphal tips via plasmogamy. A pair of septa forms around the merged tips, enclosing nuclei from both isolates.
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vignette|La présence de sporophores en console du Polypore amadouvier sur le volis et la chandelle d'un hêtre montre que ce dernier a été attaqué par ce champignon nécrotrophe lignicole à l'origine de la pourriture blanche qui creuse le cœur de l'arbre qu'il parasite en le faisant mourir d'épuisement. La poursuite du développement de ce macromycète sur le volis entraîne une modification rapide de l'orientation de la « fructification » en croissance, afin de pouvoir projeter les spores fongiques dans les conditions optimales.
Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinct sexes. They also occur in macro-organisms such as fungi. Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sex in higher organisms and occur in isogamous and anisogamous species. Depending on the group, different mating types are often referred to by numbers, letters, or simply "+" and "−" instead of "male" and "female", which refer to "sexes" or differences in size between gametes.
La caryogamie est la phase durant laquelle fusionnent les deux pronuclei (mâle et femelle) au sein de l'ovocyte pour former la cellule œuf diploïde. Chez les mammifères, les pronuclei comportent lors de la fécondation des chromosomes monochromatidiens. Les pronuclei se rapprochent, et leurs enveloppes forment des interdigitations. Pendant cette phase a lieu la réplication de l'ADN dans chacun des pronuclei, ce qui conduit donc à des chromosomes bichromatidiens. Chez les angiospermes, c'est la fusion des noyaux des gamètes mâle et femelle.
Self-incompatibility (SI), a reproductive system broadly present in plants, chordates, fungi, and protists, might be controlled by one or several multiallelic loci. How a transition in the number of SI loci can occur and the consequences of such events for ...
2013
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