Ocean deoxygenationOcean deoxygenation is the reduction of the oxygen content in different parts of the ocean due to human activities. It occurs firstly in coastal zones where eutrophication has driven some quite rapid (in a few decades) declines in oxygen to very low levels. This type of ocean deoxygenation is also called "dead zones". Secondly, there is now an ongoing reduction in oxygen levels in the open ocean: naturally occurring low oxygen areas (so called oxygen minimum zones (OMZs)) are now expanding slowly.
Facultative anaerobic organismA facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Shewanella oneidensis and Yersinia pestis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes.
Cycle de Coriupright=2|thumb|Diagramme montrant le cycle de Cori. Le cycle de Cori, du nom de Carl Ferdinand Cori et Gerty Theresa Cori, est un cycle complet, dans le foie et les muscles, qui rassemble toute la glycolyse et toute la gluconéogenèse. Dans un sens, il part du glucose pour arriver au pyruvate, puis au lactate par oxydation de NADH, puis repart de celui-ci pour reformer du pyruvate par réduction de NAD+ et finalement du glucose. Le pyruvate utilisé lors de la gluconéogenèse provient de différentes sources: le lactate, le malate, l'alanine.
AcetogenAn acetogen is a microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. However, this term is usually employed in a narrower sense only to those bacteria and archaea that perform anaerobic respiration and carbon fixation simultaneously through the reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway (also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway). These genuine acetogens are also known as "homoacetogens" and they can produce acetyl-CoA (and from that, in most cases, acetate as the end product) from two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and four molecules of molecular hydrogen (H2).
MéthanotropheUn organisme méthanotrophe (étymologiquement : « qui se nourrit de méthane ») est un procaryote (bactérie ou archée) capable de se développer en n'utilisant que le méthane comme source de carbone et d'énergie, ce qui en fait des organismes chimioautotrophes. Par extension on inclut parfois dans cette catégorie des organismes pluricellulaires (vers) qui abritent des communautés de microorganismes symbiotiques méthanotrophes et en vivent. On ne les a qu'assez récemment identifiées et on ne les connaît probablement que très partiellement.
