In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petitio principii) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. A question-begging inference is valid, in the sense that the conclusion is as true as the premise, but it is not a valid argument.
For example, the statement "wool sweaters are superior to nylon jackets because wool sweaters have higher wool content" begs the question because this statement does not explain why higher wool content makes a garment superior. Begging the question is a type of circular reasoning, and often occurs in an indirect way such that the fallacy's presence is hidden, or at least not easily apparent.
The phrase "begs the question" is also commonly used to mean "prompts a question" or "raises a question".
The original phrase used by Aristotle from which begging the question descends is: τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς (or sometimes ἐν ἀρχῇ) αἰτεῖν, "asking for the initial thing". Aristotle's intended meaning is closely tied to the type of dialectical argument he discusses in his Topics, book VIII: a formalized debate in which the defending party asserts a thesis that the attacking party must attempt to refute by asking yes-or-no questions and deducing some inconsistency between the responses and the original thesis.
In this stylized form of debate, the proposition that the answerer undertakes to defend is called "the initial thing" (τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ) and one of the rules of the debate is that the questioner cannot simply ask for it (that would be trivial and uninteresting). Aristotle discusses this in Sophistical Refutations and in Prior Analytics book II, (64b, 34–65a 9, for circular reasoning see 57b, 18–59b, 1).
The stylized dialectical exchanges Aristotle discusses in the Topics included rules for scoring the debate, and one important issue was precisely the matter of asking for the initial thing—which included not just making the actual thesis adopted by the answerer into a question, but also making a question out of a sentence that was too close to that thesis (for example, PA II 16).
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Un raisonnement fallacieux est un raisonnement incorrect qui a pourtant une apparence de validité logique. On distingue généralement deux types de raisonnements fallacieux : le sophisme, qui est une argumentation destinée à tromper autrui, et le paralogisme qui est une de raisonnement involontaire. Kant effectuait cette distinction dans son ouvrage Logique (1800) indiquant qu'un syllogisme erroné quant à sa forme est un paralogisme quand il trompe son auteur, et un sophisme quand il vise à tromper autrui.
Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not just due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal fallacies, but can also be due to their content and context. Fallacies, despite being incorrect, usually appear to be correct and thereby can seduce people into accepting and using them. These misleading appearances are often connected to various aspects of natural language, such as ambiguous or vague expressions, or the assumption of implicit premises instead of making them explicit.
Le raisonnement circulaire est, dans la philosophie du langage, en rhétorique et en épistémologie, un mode d'argumentation qui pose comme prémisse ce que l’argument veut prouver. C'est un cas particulier de la pétition de principe. Dans une argumentation circulaire, une proposition A utilise pour sa justification une proposition B dans le même temps que la justification de la proposition B nécessite la vérité de la proposition A.
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