Liaison covalente de coordination

upright=1.5|vignette|Exemple de liaison covalente de coordination dans l'ion ammonium. Une liaison covalente de coordination (anciennement connue sous le nom de liaison dative, maintenant obsolète) est une description de la liaison covalente entre deux atomes pour lesquels les deux électrons partagés dans la liaison proviennent du même atome. La distinction par rapport à une liaison covalente ordinaire est artificielle, mais la terminologie est fréquente dans les manuels, et tout particulièrement ceux traitant des composés de coordination. Une fois les liaisons formées par ce biais, sa force et sa description n'est pas différente des autres liaisons polaires. Les liaisons covalentes de coordination sont évoquées lorsqu'une base de Lewis (donneur d'électrons) fournit une paire d'électrons à un acide de Lewis (accepteur d'électrons) afin de donner un adduit. Le processus de formation d'une liaison dative est appelé coordination. Le donneur d'électrons acquiert une charge positive, l'acc

Overcome Low Intrinsic Conductivity of NiOx Through Triazinyl Modification for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Hui Chen, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt, Tong Wang, Jiabao Yang, Bowen Yang, Yang Zhang

Nickel oxide (NiOx) is a promising hole transport material in inverted organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells. However, its low intrinsic conductivity hinders its further improvement in device performance. Here, we employ a trimercapto-s-triazine trisodium salt (TTTS) as a chelating agent of Ni2+ in the NiOx layer to improve its conductivity. Due to the electron-deficient triazine ring, the TTTS complexes with Ni2+ in NiOx via a strong Ni2+-N coordination bond and increases the ratio of Ni3+:Ni2+. The increased Ni3+ concentration adjusts the band structure of NiOx, thus enhancing hole density and mobility, eventually improving the intrinsic conductivity of NiOx. As a result, the device with TTTS modification displays a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.81%. The encapsulated device based on a modified-NiOx layer maintains 94% of its initial power output at the maximum power point and continuous one-sun illumination for 1000 h at 45 degrees C. In addition, the unencapsulated target devices also maintain 92% at 60 +/- 5% relative humidity and 25 degrees C in the air for 5000 h; and 91% at 85 degrees C in a nitrogen atmosphere for 1000 h. The research provides an effective strategy to enhance PCE and stability of inverted PSCs via modifying NiOx films with triazine molecule.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2022

Boron-Nitrogen Dative Bonds in Structural Supramolecular Chemistry

Erin Sheepwash

This work describes the use of boron-nitrogen dative bonds in supramolecular chemistry. Molecular tectons have been synthesized for crystal engineering. These tectons are linked via B-N dative bonds to form 1-dimensional polymers and macrocycles. B-N dative bonds were further used for the formation of crystalline organic networks by assembly of a tritopic boronate ester with ditopic N-donor ligands. These networks could be structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction to reveal 2-dimensional polymers. These structures were observed by PXRD to collapse upon removal of solvent. The reaction of a larger triboronate ester with 4,4'-bipyridine resulted in an organogel which formed with as little as 0.5 wt% of the network in toluene. The orange gel exhibited thermochromic properties, with a Tgel of 60 °C. Association constants for the formation of B-N dative bonds between dioxaborole and pyridyl ligands were examined by 1H NMR and ITC titrations. Ka values in excess of 106 M-1 can be obtained by varying the electronics of the reaction partners. The adducts have been characterized comprehensively by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Finally, the dative B-N bond was used for the synthesis of main-chain supramolecular polymers. Self-complementary monomers were synthesized containing a dialkylaminopyridine and a dioxaborole. These monomers assembled in chloroform to form polymers which were characterized by viscosity and DOSY NMR experiments.

EPFL2012

Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Networks as a New Class of Electrocatalysts

Benjamin Wurster

This thesis deals with the electrocatalytic properties of two-dimensional metal organic coordination networks (2D-MOCNs) self-assembled on electrode surfaces and catalytic activity of 2D-MOCNs is demonstrated for the first time. The low-coordinated metal centers within these supramolecular structures resemble the catalytically active sites of metallo-enzymes. The activity of the metal centers is determined by the type of the metal and the coordination environment; both parameters can be carefully adjusted in 2D-MOCNs. In order to study and correlate electrocatalytic properties with the atomic structure of 2D-MOCNs, a scanning tunnelling microscope operating in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) was combined with an electrochemical (EC) setup. Sample preparation and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were conducted under UHV conditions. By STM the composition and structure of the networks were controlled and characterized prior to EC experiments. A transfer system between UHV and EC instrumentation was constructed to keep the sample at all times in a clean and controlled environment. It is demonstrated that the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be influenced by the type of the metal center in the network. The networks formed by benzene-tricarboxylic acid (TMA) with either Fe or Mn atoms are structurally identical, but their electrochemical signal differs significantly. Both networks catalyze the reduction of O2 to H2O, but on different pathways. These results emphasize the key role of the unsaturated metal centers in the electrocatalytic reduction. The electrocatalytic response in the ORR can also altered by the distinct coordination environment; this is shown for Fe atoms nitrogen-coordinated by either tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), bis-pyridyl-bipyrimidine (PBP) or phythalocyanine (Pc). Depending on the specific coordination environment formed by the different ligands the the final product (H2O2 or H2O) and the mechanism of the ORR is changed. In the last part of this thesis the two metal binding sites of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) are used to selectively incorporate different metal centers in a fixed organic environment and create homo- and hetero-bimetallic networks. The coupling of the two metals centers promoted by the organic environment modifies the electrocatalytic response. The correct combination of two metal centers in the right positioning makes an efficient catalyst. In the ORR the peak and onset potential is varied depending on the metal combination. In the case of the oxygen evolution reaction a non-linearly increased catalytic activity by the cooperative bimetallic effect is obtained. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the high potential of 2D-MOCNs for heterogeneous catalytic chemical conversions. Engineering of the network structure and the distinct coordination environment of the metal centers offers the possibility to tune their catalytic activity. This opens up a new route for the design of a new class of nanocatalyst materials.

EPFL2015

Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Networks as a New Class of Electrocatalysts

Benjamin Wurster

EPFL2015