Xylème

Résumé

vignette|Vue en coupe d'un cure-dent montrant le xylème. thumb|upright=1.2|Schéma d'une coupe transversale de feuille montrant ses différents constituants : (1) cuticule, (2) et (5) épiderme, (3) parenchyme palissadique, (4) parenchyme spongieux, (6) stomate, (7) cellules stomatiques, (8) phloème, (9) xylème, (10) tissu conducteur. thumb|upright=1.2|Faisceau vasculaire de Cucurbita pepo Le xylème (du grec ξύλον xylon, « bois ») ou tissu xylémique, est un constituant des tissus végétaux formé de l'association de vaisseaux, de cellules mortes ou vivantes de soutien et de cellules associées. Les vaisseaux du xylème sont constitués de faisceaux de cellules mortes alignées et entourées de lignine. Ils ont la capacité de transporter de grandes quantités d'eau minéralisée depuis le sol jusqu'aux feuilles. Le xylème conduit donc la sève brute (minérale). Le xylème étant composé de cellules mortes, les solutés n'ont pas besoin de franchir de membrane plasmique pour transiter dans la plante,

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyl%C3%A8me

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Over-expression of PHO1 in Arabidopsis leaves reveals its role in mediating phosphate efflux

Michaël Bensimon, Charles Vidoudez

P>Inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in multi-cellular eukaryotes depends not only on Pi influx into cells, but also on Pi efflux. Examples in plants for which Pi efflux is crucial are transfer of Pi into the xylem of roots and release of Pi at the peri-arbuscular interface of mycorrhizal roots. Despite its importance, no protein has been identified that specifically mediates phosphate efflux either in animals or plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana PHO1 gene is expressed in roots, and was previously shown to be involved in long-distance transfer of Pi from the root to the shoot. Here we show that PHO1 over-expression in the shoot of A. thaliana led to a two- to threefold increase in shoot Pi content and a severe reduction in shoot growth. 31P-NMR in vivo showed a normal initial distribution of intracellular Pi between the cytoplasm and the vacuole in leaves over-expressing PHO1, followed by a large efflux of Pi into the infiltration medium, leading to a rapid reduction of the vacuolar Pi pool. Furthermore, the Pi concentration in leaf xylem exudates from intact plants was more than 100-fold higher in PHO1 over-expressing plants compared to wild-type. Together, these results show that PHO1 over-expression in leaves leads to a dramatic efflux of Pi out of cells and into the xylem vessel, revealing a crucial role for PHO1 in Pi efflux.

Wiley-Blackwell2011

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Kinetics of xylem loading, membrane potential maintenance, and sensitivity of K+-permeable channels to reactive oxygen species: physiological traits that differentiate salinity tolerance between pea and barley

Amandine Massart

Salt sensitive (pea) and salt tolerant (barley) species were used to understand the physiological basis of differential salinity tolerance in crops. Pea plants were much more efficient in restoring otherwise depolarized membrane potential thereby effectively decreasing K+ efflux through depolarization-activated outward rectifying potassium channels. At the same time, pea root apex was 10-fold more sensitive to physiologically relevant H2O2 concentration and accumulated larger amounts of H2O2 under saline conditions. This resulted in a rapid loss of cell viability in the pea root apex. Barley plants rapidly loaded Na+ into the xylem; this increase was only transient, and xylem and leaf Na+ concentration remained at a steady level for weeks. On the contrary, pea plants restricted xylem Na+ loading during the first few days of treatment but failed to prevent shoot Na+ elevation in the long term. It is concluded that superior salinity tolerance of barley plants compared with pea is conferred by at least three different mechanisms: (1) efficient control of xylem Na+ loading; (2) efficient control of H2O2 accumulation and reduced sensitivity of non-selective cation channels to H2O2 in the root apex; and (3) higher energy saving efficiency, with less ATP spent to maintain membrane potential under saline conditions.

Wiley-Blackwell2014

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, ,

In this commentary, we summarize and build upon discussions that emerged during the workshop "Isotope-based studies of water partitioning and plant-soil interactions in forested and agricultural environments" held in San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Italy, in September 2017. Quantifying and understanding how water cycles through the Earth's critical zone is important to provide society and policymakers with the scientific background to manage water resources sustainably, especially considering the ever-increasing worldwide concern about water scarcity. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water have proven to be a powerful tool for tracking water fluxes in the critical zone. However, both mechanistic complexities (e.g. mixing and fractionation processes, heterogeneity of natural systems) and methodological issues (e.g. lack of standard protocols to sample specific compartments, such as soil water and xylem water) limit the application of stable water isotopes in critical-zone science. In this commentary, we examine some of the opportunities and critical challenges of isotope-based ecohydrological applications and outline new perspectives focused on interdisciplinary research opportunities for this important tool in water and environmental science.

Copernicus GmbH2018

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Xylème

les Lycophytes (Lycopodes et Sélagine

Over-expression of PHO1 in Arabidopsis leaves reveals its role in mediating phosphate efflux

Kinetics of xylem loading, membrane potential maintenance, and sensitivity of K+-permeable channels to reactive oxygen species: physiological traits that differentiate salinity tolerance between pea and barley

Over-expression of PHO1 in Arabidopsis leaves reveals its role in mediating phosphate efflux

Kinetics of xylem loading, membrane potential maintenance, and sensitivity of K+-permeable channels to reactive oxygen species: physiological traits that differentiate salinity tolerance between pea and barley