In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e. change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of discourse and has been described in terms of personal or sociopolitical empowerment. A reclaimed or reappropriated word is a word that was at one time pejorative but has been brought back into acceptable usage, usually starting within its original target, i.e. the communities that were pejoratively described by that word, and later spreading to the general populace as well. Some of the terms being reclaimed have originated as non-pejorative terms that over time became pejorative. Reclaiming them can be seen as restoring their original intent. This, however, does not apply to all such words as some were used in a derogatory fashion from the very beginning. In terms of linguistic theory, reappropriation can be seen as a specific case of a type of a semantic change, namely, of amelioration - a process through which a word's meaning becomes more positive over time. Brontsema suggested that there are at least three identifiable goals of reclamation: Value reversal Neutralization Stigma exploitation The value reversal refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to neutral or positive. Neutralization refers to denying the term to those who want to use it, or words in general, to oppress and hurt another group. Stigma exploitation, finally, refers to the use of such terms as a reminder that a given group has been subject to unfair treatment. Those goals can be mutually exclusive; in particular, stigma exploitation is incompatible with the other two goals. Reclamation can be seen as both a psychological, individual process and as a sociological, society-wide process.

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Concepts associés (2)
Nigger
In the English language, the word nigger is a racial slur used against black people, especially African Americans. Starting in the 1980s, references to nigger have been progressively replaced by the euphemism "the N-word", notably in cases where nigger is mentioned but not directly used. In an instance of linguistic reappropriation, the term nigger is also used casually and fraternally among African Americans, most commonly in the form of nigga, whose spelling originated from the phonological system of African-American English.
Judith Butler
Judith Butler, née le à Cleveland, dans l'Ohio, est une philosophe américaine et professeure à l'université Berkeley depuis 1993 dont le travail porte principalement sur le genre, l'homosexualité et la théorie queer. Elle enseigne également la philosophie à la European Graduate School de Saas-Fee, en Suisse. En 1990, son ouvrage majeur Trouble dans le genre. Le féminisme et la subversion de l'identité est publié aux États-Unis. Il sort en France en 2005. Judith Butler travaille également sur la question de la vulnérabilité.

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