Grande DépressionLa Grande Dépression () ou « crise économique des années 1930 », dite encore « crise de 29 », est une longue phase de crise économique et de récession qui frappe l'économie mondiale à partir du krach boursier américain de 1929 jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Précédée par la puissante expansion des années 1920, c'est la plus importante dépression économique du . Elle a été accompagnée d'une forte déflation et d'une explosion du chômage et a poussé les autorités à une profonde réforme des marchés financiers.
Cross elasticity of demandIn economics, the cross (or cross-price) elasticity of demand measures the effect of changes in the price of one good on the quantity demanded of another good. This reflects the fact that the quantity demanded of good is dependent on not only its own price (price elasticity of demand) but also the price of other "related" good. The cross elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio between the percentage change of the quantity demanded for a good and the percentage change in the price of another good, ceteris paribus:The sign of the cross elasticity indicates the relationship between two goods.
Substitute goodIn microeconomics, two goods are substitutes if the products could be used for the same purpose by the consumers. That is, a consumer perceives both goods as similar or comparable, so that having more of one good causes the consumer to desire less of the other good. Contrary to complementary goods and independent goods, substitute goods may replace each other in use due to changing economic conditions. An example of substitute goods is Coca-Cola and Pepsi; the interchangeable aspect of these goods is due to the similarity of the purpose they serve, i.
Law of supplyThe law of supply is a fundamental principle of economic theory which states that, keeping other factors constant, an increase in price results in an increase in quantity supplied. In other words, there is a direct relationship between price and quantity: quantities respond in the same direction as price changes. This means that producers are willing to offer more of a product for sale on the market at higher prices by increasing production as a way of increasing profits.
Complementary goodIn economics, a complementary good is a good whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. If is a complement to , an increase in the price of will result in a negative movement along the demand curve of and cause the demand curve for to shift inward; less of each good will be demanded.
Demand curveIn a demand schedule, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x-axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve), or for all consumers in a particular market (a market demand curve). It is generally assumed that demand curves slope down, as shown in the adjacent image.
Inferior goodIn economics, an inferior good is a good whose demand decreases when consumer income rises (or demand increases when consumer income decreases), unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those goods for which the demand rises as consumer income rises. Inferiority, in this sense, is an observable fact relating to affordability rather than a statement about the quality of the good.
Law of demandIn microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
Demande effectiveLa demande effective, aussi appelée demande anticipée, est le niveau de demande qui est anticipé par les entreprises à partir de leurs prédictions. Notion d'économie, elle est une pierre angulaire des travaux de John Maynard Keynes et du keynésianisme originel. John Maynard Keynes réfute la loi de Say en montrant que l'offre ne crée pas immédiatement une demande égale, et qu'ainsi les entreprises peuvent avoir des difficultés à écouler leur production. Elles doivent donc s'adapter à la demande des ménages afin de ne produire ni trop, ni pas assez.
StockPour une entreprise, les stocks représentent les biens achetés, transformés ou à vendre à un moment donné. Le stock représente de manière habituelle, l'ensemble des biens qui interviennent dans le cycle d'exploitation de l'entreprise ou qui peuvent être vendus « en l'état ». Une entreprise peut détenir plusieurs types de stocks tels que : Matière première, Produit en cours de fabrication sous forme de sous-ensemble ou d’élément complet, Produit manufacturé prêt à être vendu, ou à être utilisé dans la chaine de fabrication, Produits "défectueux" ou obsolète devant être "mis à jour" ou réparé.
