Mucus

Résumé

vignette|Chez quelques espèces d'insectes, dont Lilioceris lilii, les larves s'enveloppent d'un mélange de mucus, d'excréments et d'exuvies imprégnés de molécules antibiotiques ou répulsives pour la plupart de leurs prédateurs. L'odeur de ce manteau d'excretas et d'exuvies attire néanmoins des prédateurs spécialisés qui ont probablement coévolué avec ces insectes. Les mucus sont différentes sécrétions visqueuses et translucides, peu ou assez peu solubles dans l'eau, produites par des glandes spécifiques de divers organismes, et chez ceux-ci par divers organes internes ( par les cellules caliciformes de l'estomac) ou muqueuses internes ou par la peau ( chez les poissons, certains amphibiens, les limaces, escargots…). Types de mucus Les mucus (aussi dits exopolymères) ont une consistance gélatineuse et lubrifiante généralement due à des protéines particulières dites « mucoprotéines » : grandes et « lourdes » protéines dont beaucoup sont des « glycoprotéines

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus

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Identification of Allobaculum mucolyticum as a novel human intestinal mucin degrader

Guido Van Mierlo

The human gut microbiota plays a central role in intestinal health and disease. Yet, many of its bacterial constituents are functionally still largely unexplored. A crucial prerequisite for bacterial survival and proliferation is the creation and/or exploitation of an own niche. For many bacterial species that are linked to human disease, the inner mucus layer was found to be an important niche. Allobaculum mucolyticum is a newly identified, IBD-associated species that is thought be closely associated with the host epithelium. To explore how this bacterium is able to effectively colonize this niche, we screened its genome for factors that may contribute to mucosal colonization. Up to 60 genes encoding putative Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in the genome of A. mucolyticum. Mass spectrometry revealed 49 CAZymes of which 26 were significantly enriched in its secretome. Functional assays demonstrated the presence of CAZyme activity in A. mucolyticum conditioned medium, degradation of human mucin O-glycans, and utilization of liberated non-terminal monosaccharides for bacterial growth. The results support a model in which sialidases and fucosidases remove terminal O-glycan sugars enabling subsequent degradation and utilization of carbohydrates for A. mucolyticum growth. A. mucolyticum CAZyme secretion may thus facilitate bacterial colonization and degradation of the mucus layer and may pose an interesting target for future therapeutic intervention.

TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC2021

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The functions of mucosal T cells in containing the indigenous commensal flora of the intestine

Nicola Harris, Andrew J. Macpherson

There is an immense load of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria in the distal small intestine and the colon of mammals. The physical barrier that prevents penetration (translocation) of these organisms into the body is a simple epithelium comprised of the single enterocyte/colonocyte cell layer with its overlying mucus. In this review, we discuss the roles of intestinal T cells in initiating and regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses of the mucosal immune system that avoid or limit penetration of the commensal intestinal bacteria.

2002

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During light organ colonization of the squid Euprymna scolopes by Vibrio fischeri, host-derived mucus provides a surface upon which environmental V. fischeri forms a biofilm and aggregates prior to colonization. In this study we defined the temporal and spatial characteristics of this process. Although permanent colonization is specific to certain strains of V. fischeri, confocal microscopy analyses revealed that light organ crypt spaces took up nonspecific bacteria and particles that were less than 2 micro m in diameter during the first hour after hatching. However, within 2 h after inoculation, these cells or particles were not detectable, and further entry by nonspecific bacteria or particles appeared to be blocked. Exposure to environmental gram-negative or -positive bacteria or bacterial peptidoglycan caused the cells of the organ's superficial ciliated epithelium to release dense mucin stores at 1 to 2 h after hatching that were used to form the substrate upon which V. fischeri formed a biofilm and aggregated. Whereas the uncolonized organ surface continued to shed mucus, within 48 h of symbiont colonization mucus shedding ceased and the formation of bacterial aggregations was no longer observed. Eliminating the symbiont from the crypts with antibiotics restored the ability of the ciliated fields to secrete mucus and aggregate bacteria. While colonization by V. fischeri inhibited mucus secretion by the surface epithelium, secretion of host-derived mucus was induced in the crypt spaces. Together, these data indicate that although initiation of mucus secretion from the superficial epithelium is nonspecific, the inhibition of mucus secretion in these cells and the concomitant induction of secretion in the crypt cells are specific to natural colonization by V. fischeri.

2002

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