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Concept
Black hole (informatique)
Résumé
In networking, a black hole, also known as a block hole, refers to a place in the network where incoming or outgoing traffic is silently discarded (or "dropped"), without informing the source that the data did not reach its intended recipient.
When examining the topology of the network, the black holes themselves are invisible, and can only be detected by monitoring the lost traffic; hence the name as astronomical black holes cannot be directly observed.
The most common form of black hole is simply an IP address that specifies a host machine that is not running or an address to which no host has been assigned.
Even though TCP/IP provides a means of communicating the delivery failure back to the sender via ICMP, traffic destined for such addresses is often just dropped.
Note that a dead address will be undetectable only to protocols that are both connectionless and unreliable (e.g., UDP). Connection-oriented or reliable protocols (TCP, RUDP) will either fail to connect to a dead address or will fail to receive expected acknowledgements.
For IPv6, the black hole prefix 100:: is described by .
For IPv4, no black hole address is explicitly defined, however the reserved IP addresses can help achieve a similar effect. For example, 198.51.100.0 is reserved for use in documentation and examples by ; while the RFC advises that the addresses in this range are not routed, this is not a requirement.
Most firewalls (and routers for household use) can be configured to silently discard packets addressed to forbidden hosts or ports, resulting in small or large "black holes" in the network.
Personal firewalls that do not respond to ICMP echo requests ("ping") have been designated by some vendors as being in "stealth mode".
Despite this, in most networks the IP addresses of hosts with firewalls configured in this way are easily distinguished from invalid or otherwise unreachable IP addresses: On encountering the latter, a router will generally respond with an ICMP network rsp. host unreachable error.
Source officielle
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