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Le lac Kivu (), situé à la frontière de la république démocratique du Congo et du Rwanda, est l'un des Grands Lacs d'Afrique et le plus dangereux des trois lacs méromictiques du continent, car contenant de grandes quantités de gaz toxique, asphyxiant et à effet de serre (sulfure d'hydrogène, gaz carbonique et méthane) susceptibles de brutalement dégazer en cas de tremblement de terre. Son exutoire, la rivière Rusizi, alimente au sud le lac Tanganyika. Le lac a une altitude de . On y trouve Idjwi, la deuxième plus grande île à l'intérieur du continent africain avec une longueur de et une superficie de . Au fond du lac, environ de sédiments recouvrent le socle cristallin précambrien. Au nord du lac, des anomalies magnétiques sont dues à d'anciens épanchements volcaniques. La salinité approche 4 ‰ au fond du lac. Le premier Européen y ayant accédé fut un Allemand, le comte Gustav Adolf von Götzen, en 1894. Les villes congolaises de Goma et B

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Methane Extraction from Lake Kivu - Scientific background

Fabian Bärenbold, Martin Schmid, Alfred Johny Wüest

Lake Kivu – a special lake in an active volcanic region.

2021

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Methane sources and sinks in Lake Kivu

Martin Schmid, Alfred Johny Wüest

Unique worldwide, Lake Kivu stores enormous amounts of CH4 and CO2. A recent study reported that CH4 concentrations in the lake have increased by up to 15% in the last 30 years and that accumulation at this rate could lead to catastrophic outgassing by similar to 2100. This study investigates the present-day CH4 formation and oxidation in Lake Kivu. Analyses of C-14 and C-13 in CH4 and potential carbon sources revealed that below 260 m, an unusually high similar to 65% of the CH4 originates either from reduction of geogenic CO2 with mostly geogenic H-2 or from direct inflows of geogenic CH4. Aerobic CH4 oxidation, performed by close relatives of type X CH4-oxidizing bacteria, is the main process preventing CH4 from escaping to the atmosphere. Anaerobic CH4 oxidation, carried out by CH4-oxidizing archaea in the SO42- -reducing zone, was also detected but is limited by the availability of sulfate. Changes in C-14(CH4) and C-13(CH4) since the 1970s suggest that the amount of CH4 produced from degrading organic material has increased due to higher accumulation of organic matter. This, as well as the sudden onset of carbonates in the 1960s, has previously been explained by three environmental changes: (1) introduction of nonnative fish, (2) amplified subaquatic inflows following hydrological changes, and (3) increased external inputs due to the fast growing population. The resulting enhancement of primary production and organic matter sedimentation likely caused CH4 to increase. However, given the large proportion of old CH4 carbon, we cannot exclude an increased inflow of geogenic H-2 or CH4.

Amer Geophysical Union2011

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Double-diffusive convection in Lake Kivu

Martin Schmid, Alfred Johny Wüest

Double-diffusive staircases with a total of 230-350 mixed layers and sharp interfaces were observed in nine microstructure temperature profiles measured during February 2004 in Lake Kivu. The presence of these staircases at depths. 120 m indicates that diapycnal turbulent mixing is weak and vertical diffusive transport is dominated by double diffusion. Contrary to previously investigated natural or laboratory double-diffusive systems, the dissolved gases CO(2) and CH(4) contribute significantly to the density stratification, thereby influencing the formation and the structure of the staircases. The density ratio (i.e., the ratio of the stabilizing effect of dissolved substances to the destabilizing effect of temperature) ranges between 2.0 and 4.5 in large sections of the deep waters, implying a high susceptibility to the formation of staircases. The mixed layers (average thickness 0.48 m) are shown to be in a state of active convection. The average thickness of the interfaces (0.18 m) is surprisingly constant and independent of the large-scale stratification. The vertical heat fluxes correlate well with the temperature steps across the interfaces. Lake Kivu receives inflows from subaquatic springs at several depths that maintain the large-scale structure of the density stratification and disturb the staircases. In comparison to earlier observations from 1972, the double-diffusive heat fluxes appear to have been reduced, leading to a heat accumulation in the deep waters. Conversely, the strengthening of the main chemocline indicates an increased discharge of the subaquatic springs that could be responsible for recent changes in the nutrient cycling and methane production in the lake.

Amer Soc Limnology Oceanography2010

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