Concept
Glossaire de l'archéologie
Concepts associés (37)
Principe de superposition (géologie)
vignette|Les couches sédimentaires s'empilent les unes sur les autres, horizontalement, et, de ce principe de superposition, Sténon conclut que chaque strate représente une unité de temps. vignette|Bloc-diagramme illustrant le principe de superposition : filon rectiligne (B) qui recoupe les strates des roches sédimentaires plus anciennes (A) mais est recoupé par une surface d'érosion postérieure (C) qui limite les roches sédimentaires plus jeunes (D). Segmentation de filon (E) par une faille postérieure (F).
Section (archaeology)
In archaeology a section is a view in part of the archaeological sequence showing it in the vertical plane, as a cross section, and thereby illustrating its profile and stratigraphy. This may make it easier to view and interpret as it developed over time. Half-sectioning is the usual method whereby one half of a feature is excavated and the remainder left in situ. Large linear features may be sectioned at intervals along their lengths.
Harris matrix
The Harris matrix is a tool used to depict the temporal succession of archaeological contexts and thus the sequence of depositions and surfaces on a 'dry land' archaeological site, otherwise called a 'stratigraphic sequence'. The matrix reflects the relative position and stratigraphic contacts of observable stratigraphic units, or contexts. It was developed in 1973 in Winchester, England, by Dr. Edward C. Harris.
Phase (archaeology)
In archaeology, a phase refers to the logical reduction of contexts recorded during excavation to nearly contemporary archaeological horizons that represent a distinct "phase" of previous land use. These often but not always will be a representation of a former land surface or occupation level and all associated features that were created into or from this point in time. A simplified description of phase would be that "a phase is a view of a given archaeological site as it would have been at time X".
Relationship (archaeology)
An archaeological relationship is the position in space and by implication, in time, of an object or context with respect to another. This is determined, not by linear measurement but by determining the sequence of their deposition – which arrived before the other. The key to this is stratigraphy. Archaeological material would, to a very large extent, have been called rubbish when it was left on the site. It tends to accumulate in events. A gardener swept a pile of soil into a corner, laid a gravel path or planted a bush in a hole.
Typologie lithique
En archéologie préhistorique, une typologie lithique est une liste de types d'objets de pierre taillée, le plus souvent des outils ou des outils présumés, présentant des attributs caractéristiques (morphologie, dimensions, techniques de fabrication, matériau, etc.). L'emploi des catégories descriptives standardisées définies dans des typologies (généralement dénommées « listes typologiques » en archéologie préhistorique) peuvent ensuite être analysées à l'aide de procédures statistiques.
Archéologie industrielle
L'archéologie industrielle est, comme les autres branches de l'archéologie, l’étude des vestiges matériels du passé, mais centrée plus précisément sur le patrimoine industriel : installations minières, métallurgiques, manufactures et usines, transport routier, ponts, tunnels, chemin de fer, chantier naval, marine, navigation fluviale, aviation. L'archéologie industrielle est née en Angleterre vers 1940 avec les premières études des vestiges de la révolution industrielle.
Culture archéologique
Une culture archéologique est un ensemble d'artéfacts archéologiques, limité à une période et à une zone géographique, et provenant d'un même peuple et permettant de reconstituer une culture ou une civilisation disparue de nos jours. En ethno-archéologie et en anthropologie sociale et culturelle , par sa « culture » on entend distinguer chaque groupe humain occupant un certain espace géographique pendant une période donnée.
Fill (archaeology)
In archaeology a fill is the material that has accumulated or has been deposited into a cut feature such as ditch or pit of some kind of a later date than the feature itself. Fills are an important part of the archaeological record as their formation and composition can throw light on many aspects of archaeological study. A primary fill is the context that first appears in the sequence after the context representing the cut it "fills".
Cut (archaeology)
In archaeology and archaeological stratification, a cut or truncation is a context that represents a moment in time when other archaeological deposits were removed for the creation of some feature, such as a ditch or pit. In layman's terms, a cut can be thought of as a hole that was dug in the past, though cut also applies to other parts of the archaeological record such as horizontal truncations like terraced ground. A cut context is sometimes referred to as a "negative context", as opposed to a "positive context".