Scotopic visionIn the study of human visual perception, scotopic vision (or scotopia) is the vision of the eye under low-light conditions. The term comes from Greek skotos, meaning "darkness", and -opia, meaning "a condition of sight". In the human eye, cone cells are nonfunctional in low visible light. Scotopic vision is produced exclusively through rod cells, which are most sensitive to wavelengths of around 498 nm (blue-green) and are insensitive to wavelengths longer than about 640 nm (red-orange).
Spectre visibleLe spectre visible est la partie du spectre électromagnétique qui est perceptible par l'humain. Le spectre se décompose en rayonnements monochromatiques par le passage de la lumière à travers un dispositif disperseur (prisme ou réseau diffractant) : c'est l'analyse spectrale. La sensibilité de l'œil selon la longueur d'onde diminue progressivement de part et d'autre d'un maximum entre selon le domaine de vision et les conditions de la mesure. On ne peut donner de limites exactes au domaine des rayonnements visibles.
Vision périphériqueLa vision périphérique est une partie importante de la vision humaine. Contrairement à la vision fovéale dans laquelle l’œil s’arrête (pendant 200 à ) sur un point de fixation pour obtenir des détails à haute résolution, la vision périphérique livre des impressions globales, comprimées et déformées du champ de vision total. Par des groupements systématiques des bâtonnets, la vision périphérique livre jusqu’à 100 (au lieu des 3 à 4 pour la vision fovéale). Elle permet donc la perception ultrarapide de mouvements, même pendant la nuit (vision scotopique).
PhotopigmentPhotopigments are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. The term is generally applied to the non-protein chromophore moiety of photosensitive chromoproteins, such as the pigments involved in photosynthesis and photoreception. In medical terminology, "photopigment" commonly refers to the photoreceptor proteins of the retina. Photosynthetic pigment Photosynthetic pigments convert light into biochemical energy. Examples for photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins.
Spectral sensitivitySpectral sensitivity is the relative efficiency of detection, of light or other signal, as a function of the frequency or wavelength of the signal. In visual neuroscience, spectral sensitivity is used to describe the different characteristics of the photopigments in the rod cells and cone cells in the retina of the eye. It is known that the rod cells are more suited to scotopic vision and cone cells to photopic vision, and that they differ in their sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
Photopic visionPhotopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions (luminance levels from 10 to 108 cd/m2). In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision. The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three bands of color. The biological pigments of the cones have maximum absorption values at wavelengths of about 420 nm (blue), 534 nm (bluish-green), and 564 nm (yellowish-green).
Maculathumb|Rétinographie de l'œil : la macula est la tache sombre à gauche (la papille, origine du nerf optique, est la tache claire à droite). La macula lutea, ou tache jaune, est la zone de la rétine caractérisée par une concentration maximale de cônes. Située au fond de l’œil, dans l’axe de la pupille, la macula a un diamètre d’environ . La macula permet la vision des détails en éclairage diurne.
Retina bipolar cellAs a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells. They act, directly or indirectly, to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells are so-named as they have a central body from which two sets of processes arise. They can synapse with either rods or cones (rod/cone mixed input BCs have been found in teleost fish but not mammals), and they also accept synapses from horizontal cells.
Dichromatismevignette|Courbes de sensibilité spectrale des photorécepteurs chez les mammifères dichromates. Le dichromatisme est une forme de vision des couleurs dans laquelle l'œil a deux types de cellules sensibles à la lumière de sensibilité spectrale différente. La plupart des mammifères sont dichromates (deux types de cônes avec respectivement un pic de sensibilité dans le vert-jaune et dans le bleu-violet), certains primates, dont l'humain, étant toutefois trichromates.
Opponent processThe opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from photoreceptor cells in an antagonistic manner. The opponent-process theory suggests that there are three opponent channels, each comprising an opposing color pair: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white (luminance). The theory was first proposed in 1892 by the German physiologist Ewald Hering. Complementary colors When staring at a bright color for a while (e.
