An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record. The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown by James Hutton, who found examples of Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in Berwickshire in 1788, both in Scotland.
The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents time during which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus. It is a kind of relative dating.
A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition. Disconformities are marked by features of subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and paleosols in the rock record.
A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, then the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.
An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers. The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further orogenic activity. A typical case history is presented by the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.
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vignette|Vue de la Grande discordance dans le Grand Canyon, aux États-Unis. vignette|Bloc-diagramme illustrant le principe de recoupement : filon rectiligne (B) qui recoupe les strates des roches sédimentaires plus anciennes (A) mais est recoupé par une surface d'érosion postérieure (C) qui limite les roches sédimentaires plus jeunes (D). Segmentation de filon (E) par une faille postérieure (F).
vignette|Les couches sédimentaires s'empilent les unes sur les autres, horizontalement, et, de ce principe de superposition, Sténon conclut que chaque strate représente une unité de temps. vignette|Bloc-diagramme illustrant le principe de superposition : filon rectiligne (B) qui recoupe les strates des roches sédimentaires plus anciennes (A) mais est recoupé par une surface d'érosion postérieure (C) qui limite les roches sédimentaires plus jeunes (D). Segmentation de filon (E) par une faille postérieure (F).
Cross-cutting relationships is a principle of geology that states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features. It is a relative dating technique in geology. It was first developed by Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno in Dissertationis prodromus (1669) and later formulated by James Hutton in Theory of the Earth (1795) and embellished upon by Charles Lyell in Principles of Geology (1830). There are several basic types of cross-cutting relationships: Structural relationships may be faults or fractures cutting through an older rock.