Combinatory categorial grammarCombinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is an efficiently parsable, yet linguistically expressive grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface between surface syntax and underlying semantic representation, including predicate–argument structure, quantification and information structure. The formalism generates constituency-based structures (as opposed to dependency-based ones) and is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar (as opposed to a dependency grammar).
Grammaire formelleUne grammaire formelle est un formalisme permettant de définir une syntaxe et donc un langage formel, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de mots admissibles sur un alphabet donné. La notion de grammaire formelle est particulièrement utilisée en programmation logique, compilation (analyse syntaxique), en théorie de la calculabilité et dans le traitement des langues naturelles (tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne leur morphologie et leur syntaxe).
Equivalence (formal languages)In formal language theory, weak equivalence of two grammars means they generate the same set of strings, i.e. that the formal language they generate is the same. In compiler theory the notion is distinguished from strong (or structural) equivalence, which additionally means that the two parse trees are reasonably similar in that the same semantic interpretation can be assigned to both. Vijay-Shanker and Weir (1994) demonstrates that Linear Indexed Grammars, Combinatory Categorial Grammars, Tree-adjoining Grammars, and Head Grammars are weakly equivalent formalisms, in that they all define the same string languages.
Phrase structure grammarThe term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
Grammaire contextuelleUne grammaire contextuelle est une grammaire formelle dans laquelle les substitutions d'un symbole non terminal sont soumises à la présence d'un contexte gauche et d'un contexte droit. Elles sont plus générales que les grammaires algébriques. Les langages formels engendrés par les grammaires contextuelles sont les langages contextuels. Ils sont reconnus par les automates linéairement bornés. Les grammaires contextuelles ont été décrites par Noam Chomsky. Ce sont les grammaires de type 1 dans la hiérarchie de Chomsky.
