SartSart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries. There are several theories about the origin of the term. It may be derived from the Sanskrit sārthavāha (सार्थवाह), meaning "merchant, trader, caravan leader", a term supposedly used by nomads to describe town-dwellers, according to Vasily Bartold, Gerard Clauson, and most recently Richard Foltz. The earliest known use of the term is in the 1070 Turkic text Kutadgu Bilig "Blessed Knowledge", in which it refers to the settled population of Kashgar.
JadidismeLe jadidisme (dérivé de usul ul-jadid, signifiant, « nouvelle méthode ») est un courant de l'islam moderniste apparu au , au Tatarstan, sous l'impulsion de Ismail Gasprinski, poussant notamment à davantage de tolérance avec les autres religions. Les jeunes boukhares, dans l'Émirat de Boukhara, sont influencés par ce mouvement. Ainsi l'écrivain et homme politique Abdurrauf Fitrat est l'un des principaux idéologues du jadidisme au début des années 1920. Comme ministre, il va réformer l'enseignement dans son pays et défendre l'éducation des femmes.
XionitesXionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyon) were a nomadic people in the Central Asian regions of Transoxiana and Bactria. The Xionites appear to be synonymous with the Huna peoples of the South Asian regions of classical/medieval India, and possibly also the Huns of European late antiquity, who were in turn connected onomastically to the Xiongnu in Chinese history.
