The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate. It was jointly invented in 1926 by Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd, who patented it in the U.S. on November 11, 1930 (). The three working fluids in this design are water, ammonia, and butane. The Einstein refrigerator is a development of the original three-fluid patent by the Swedish inventors Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters.
From 1926 until 1934 Einstein and Szilárd collaborated on ways to improve home refrigeration technology. The two were motivated by contemporary newspaper reports of a Berlin family who had been killed when a seal in their refrigerator failed and leaked toxic fumes into their home. Einstein and Szilárd proposed that a device without moving parts would eliminate the potential for seal failure, and explored practical applications for different refrigeration cycles. Einstein had worked in the Swiss Patent Office, and used his experience to apply for valid patents for their inventions in several countries. The two were eventually granted 45 patents in six countries for three different models.
It has been suggested that most of the actual inventing was done by Szilárd, with Einstein merely acting as a consultant and helping with the patent-related paperwork, but others assert that Einstein contributed design work to the project.
The refrigerator was less efficient than existing appliances, although having no moving parts made it more reliable; the introduction of non-toxic Freon — later found to be responsible for serious depletion of the Earth's ozone layer — to replace toxic refrigerant gases made it even less attractive commercially. The Great Depression of 1929 dried up funding for development, and the widespread political violence in Nazi Germany, where the inventors lived, particularly towards Jews such as Einstein and Szilard, contributed to the device's lack of commercial success.
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vignette|Réfrigérateur à absorption de gaz avec une capacité de refroidissement de 1,4 MW sur un transporteur (2014). Le réfrigérateur à absorption de gaz est un réfrigérateur qui utilise une source de chaleur pour faire tourner son cycle frigorifique, permettant d'extraire la chaleur. Ce procédé remplace le compresseur utilisé habituellement. Il est exploité lorsque l'électricité n'est pas disponible facilement (trop rare, trop chère, difficile à produire, par exemple dans un camping car) ou lorsque l'on dispose d'une source de chaleur pratiquement gratuite (fort ensoleillement, gaz ou liquide chaud issu d'une turbine ou d'un procédé industriel).
Le réfrigérateur à compression de vapeur est fondé sur la condensation de vapeur d'un fluide réfrigérant à la suite d'une compression, et son évaporation à la suite d'une détente. C'est le procédé le plus répandu pour la production du froid. Ce principe est identique à celui employé pour les pompes à chaleur. Ce procédé est à distinguer du turboréfrigérateur, dans lequel un gaz est comprimé, refroidi à température ambiante, puis détendu dans une turbine. Cet autre procédé ne fait pas intervenir de changement de phase.
For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic drive systems, etc. In pneumatics, the working fluid is air or another gas which transfers force between pneumatic components such as compressors, vacuum pumps, pneumatic cylinders, and pneumatic motors.
Explore l'analyse des systèmes ouverts, y compris le travail de débit, le transfert d'énergie, les turbines, les compresseurs, les pompes et les échangeurs de chaleur.
The analysis of cooling of a binary HTS 20 kA current lead (CL) operating between 4.5 and 300 K has been carried out. Assuming that the HTS module is conduction-cooled, two cooling options for the copper heat exchanger (HEX) part of the CL have been consid ...
Elsevier2013
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