T-tubuleT-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration. Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell.
PolymyositisPolymyositis (PM) is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles (inflammatory myopathy) related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. Its name means 'inflammation of many muscles' (poly- + myos- + -itis). The inflammation of polymyositis is mainly found in the endomysial layer of skeletal muscle, whereas dermatomyositis is characterized primarily by inflammation of the perimysial layer of skeletal muscles. The hallmark of polymyositis is weakness and/or loss of muscle mass in the proximal musculature, as well as flexion of the neck and torso.
ProprioceptionLa proprioception (formé de proprio-, tiré du latin proprius, « propre », et de [ré]ception), ou sensibilité profonde, désigne la perception, consciente ou non, de la position des différentes parties du corps. Elle fonctionne grâce à de nombreux récepteurs musculaires et ligamentaires et aux voies et centres nerveux impliqués. La proprioception fait partie de la somesthésie. Le propriocepteur est le récepteur sensoriel qui assure la proprioception. La proprioception a été d'abord caractérisée chez les humains.
