Nonlocal operator

In mathematics, a nonlocal operator is a mapping which maps functions on a topological space to functions, in such a way that the value of the output function at a given point cannot be determined solely from the values of the input function in any neighbourhood of any point. An example of a nonlocal operator is the Fourier transform. Let be a topological space, a set, a function space containing functions with domain , and a function space containing functions with domain . Two functions and in are called equivalent at if there exists a neighbourhood of such that for all . An operator is said to be local if for every there exists an such that for all functions and in which are equivalent at . A nonlocal operator is an operator which is not local. For a local operator it is possible (in principle) to compute the value using only knowledge of the values of in an arbitrarily small neighbourhood of a point . For a nonlocal operator this is not possible. Differential operators are examples of local operators. A large class of (linear) nonlocal operators is given by the integral transforms, such as the Fourier transform and the Laplace transform. For an integral transform of the form where is some kernel function, it is necessary to know the values of almost everywhere on the support of in order to compute the value of at . An example of a singular integral operator is the fractional Laplacian The prefactor involves the Gamma function and serves as a normalizing factor. The fractional Laplacian plays a role in, for example, the study of nonlocal minimal surfaces.