G0 phase

Résumé

DISPLAYTITLE:G0 phase The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. Neurons reside in this state, not because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply, but as a part of their developmental program. G0 was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies. When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques, it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates. A population's “growth fraction” – or the fraction of the populati

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase

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Project I: Chd7 Deficiency does not affect N1-driven T-ALL Induction and Maintenance nor impair Hematopoiesis Notch1 has been shown to be a key driver in pediatric T-cell acute lymphobastic leukemia (T-ALL). Previous work in the lab identified the chromatin-remodeling enzyme Chd7 to be highly over-expressed in aggressive versus pre-malignant disease. The aim of this project was to study if Chd7 is required during T-ALL initiation and disease maintenance as well as to characterize its role in the hematopoietic system under physiological and stress conditions. Therefore, Chd7 cKO animals were crossed with the MxCre deleter to ablate Chd7 specifically in BM progenitors. Chd7 deficiency did not induce any overt phenotype in the hematopoietic system, when studied under âsteadyâ state or stress conditions. In addition, Chd7 proved to be dispensable in the initiation and maintenance of murine and human Notch1-driven T-ALL. Therefore, we can rule out a role of Chd7 during late-stage leukemogenesis in Notch1-induced murine and human T-ALL. Project II: Serca2, a putative drug target to fight Notch1-driven T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and its role in Hematopoiesis The Notch signalling pathway represents a bona fide drug target. We and Roti et al. performed a chemical compound screen and identified Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) as potent Notch inhibitor. Biological target of this compound is the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum ATPase2 (Serca2) that is involved in calcium homeostasis within the cell. Recently, it was shown that Serca2 regulates Notch1 (N1) receptor maturation and inhibition of Serca ATPases, using thapsigargin, blocks T-ALL progression in xenografts (Roti et al., 2013). The putative global effects of Serca2 inhibition on hematopoiesis have, however, not been addressed in this study. Aim of this study was to characterize the function of Serca2 in the hematopoietic system. Therefore, we crossed Serca2 cKO with MxCre to ablate Serca2 function in BM progenitors. Serca2 haploinsufficiency did not lead to any overt phenotype under physiological or competitive conditions. In contrast, Serca2ÎMxCre chimeras showed (i) impaired long-term reconstitution capacity upon transplantation, (ii) a severe reduction of total BM, splenic and thymic cellularity and (iii) an enrichment of KLS cells, the cell pool that contains HSCs. Mature lineages were highly apoptotic, while KLS were not majorly affected by apoptosis, resided predominantly in G0 phase of the cell cycle, exhibited slower cycling kinetics and were functionally impaired as they formed less and smaller colony forming units in vitro. Deregulated calcium levels can lead to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. In order to resolve ER stress, the cell activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). In case of unresolved ER stress, however, the cell undergoes apoptosis. We demonstrate that mature hematopoietic lineages up-regulate UPR-associated and pro-apoptotic genes, while KLS cells, in contrast, show unperturbed expression of these genes. In addition, we performed in vitro experiments, inhibiting Serca function in Lin- BM cells via thapsigargin (TH) treatment. TH induced severe apoptosis in the overall cell population, while KLS accumulated and were blocked in the G0 phase, closely mimicking Serca2 LOF in vivo. We therefore question the therapeutic approach of targeting Serca2 in N1-driven T-ALL due to severe side effects induced by Serca2 inactivation in the BM.

EPFL2015

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Collective migration is a central event involving coordinated movement of several individuals. One of the critical events during collective migration is the emergence of leading individuals, who provide directional guidance for the group movement. While on the move, animals select their leaders by a collective decision making process, which require active participation of the followers. On the contrary, the prevalent view on collective cell migration, especially in the context of epithelial cells during wound healing, assumes a hierarchical leader-follower organization and belittles the contribution of follower cells in choosing or regulating the leaders. Furthermore, how the dynamics of cells located at the wound margin evolve as the wound heals, remains illusive. Here, we report and analyse distinct phases of collective migration during wound closure and demonstrate how cellular-level shared decision-making process and collective mechanical dynamics influence selection, regulation and kinematics of leader cells in these phases. We found that in the preparatory phase, before the initiation of migration (Phase 0), the selection of leader cells at the epithelial wound margin depends on the pre-migratory dynamics of the follower cells situated immediately behind the future leaders. Long before the prospective leaders actually start displaying their phenotypic peculiarities, cells behind them manifest stochastic augmentations in the traction forces and monolayer stresses, and display large perimeter-to-area ratio indicating a local unjamming in the followers much before the leaders are selected. Further, introducing an unjammed or fluidic follower at the back stimulates leader cell formation at the margin thereby indicating the role of collective bulk dynamics in leader cell selection. Interestingly, the length upto which cells cooperatively join forces, corresponds very well with the distance between the two emerging leaders and this mechano-biological control remains preserved even in the presence of geometric bias or physiological levels of chemical cue at the interface. Immediately after the initiation of migration (Phase 1), leaders show their distinct phenotypes and drive the cellular outgrowths. In this phase, pluricellular actin belt at the margin regulates the fraction of marginal leaders, which therefore remains unchanged, while the number of followers per leader increases with time. As the migration progresses, fraction of leader cells increases while the latter settles to a steady level set again by the length scale of cell-cell force transmission (Phase 2). Any perturbations in mechanical forces that modifies the force correlation lengths, invariably enforces a change in the number of followers per leader thereby modifying the time required to transit from one phase to the other. Furthermore, orientation of focal adhesions and persistence of cellular motions also display this phase specific behaviour. Together, these findings provide a novel system insight into collective cell migration and indicate integrative leader-follower interactions during wound closure. Given the physiological and pathological importance of leader cell formation in epithelial wound healing, in organogenesis and in metastatic migration of cancer cells, the system-view that the results offer here is anticipated to have to a long-standing impact on the design and discovery of avant-garde therapeutic strategies in future.

EPFL2017

Chargement

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The monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 or SLC16A1) is a carrier of short-chain fatty acids, ketone bodies, and lactate in several tissues. Genetically modified C57BL/6J mice were produced by targeted disruption of the mct1 gene in order to understand the role of this transporter in energy homeostasis. Null mutation was embryonically lethal, but MCT1(+/-) mice developed normally. However, when fed high fat diet (HFD), MCT1(+/-) mice displayed resistance to development of diet-induced obesity (24.8% lower body weight after 16 weeks of HFD), as well as less insulin resistance and no hepatic steatosis as compared to littermate MCT1(+/+) mice used as controls. Body composition analysis revealed that reduced weight gain in MCT1(+/-) mice was due to decreased fat accumulation (50.0% less after 9 months of HFD) notably in liver and white adipose tissue. This phenotype was associated with reduced food intake under HFD (12.3% less over 10 weeks) and decreased intestinal energy absorption (9.6% higher stool energy content). Indirect calorimetry measurements showed similar to 15% increase in O-2 consumption and CO2 production during the resting phase, without any changes in physical activity. Determination of plasma concentrations for various metabolites and hormones did not reveal significant changes in lactate and ketone bodies levels between the two genotypes, but both insulin and leptin levels, which were elevated in MCT1(+/+) mice when fed HFD, were reduced in MCT1(+/-) mice under HFD. Interestingly, the enhancement in expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver of MCT1(+/+) mice under high fat diet was prevented in the liver of MCT1(+/-) mice under the same diet, thus likely contributing to the observed phenotype. These findings uncover the critical role of MCT1 in the regulation of energy balance when animals are exposed to an obesogenic diet.

Public Library of Science2013

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EPFL2015

EPFL2017