Apostasie dans le judaïsme

Apostasy in Judaism is the rejection of Judaism and possible conversion to another religion by a Jew. The term apostasy is derived from ἀποστάτης, meaning "rebellious" (מורד.) Equivalent expressions for apostate in Hebrew that are used by rabbinical scholars include mumar (, literally "one who is changed" [out of his faith]), poshea Yisrael (, literally, "transgressor of Israel"), and kofer (, literally "denier"). Similar terms are meshumad (, lit. "destroyed one"), and min () or Epikoros (), which denote heresy and the negation of God and Judaism, implying atheism. A mumar is someone who does not observe a certain mitzvah or who doesn't observe any mitzvot at all. Rabbinic categories differentiate between a mumar ledavar echad (מומר לדבר אחד) who doesn't observe a certain mitzvah, and a mumar lekhol hatorah kulah (מומר לכל התורה כולה) who doesn't observe any of the Torah. Likewise they differentiate between a mumar l'teyavon (מומר לתיאבון) who transgresses mitzvah(s) wantonly due to craving (teyavon) or convenience, versus a mumar l'hakh`is (מומר להכעיס) meaning one who transgresses out of spite, who defies the mitzvah willfully. Some halakhic aspects of this status include: a mumar is treated as a gentile in regard to commerce; it is forbidden to cause him to stumble into doing something forbidden; regarding matrimony, ritual purity, and inheritance (with some exceptions) he is an Israelite; the sages prescribed no mourning for a mumar. However today another category, tinok shenishba ("captured infant"), a Jew who sins as a result of having been raised without sufficient knowledge and understanding of Judaism, is widely applied and should be considered. The first recorded reference to apostasy from Judaism is in , which states: "If your very own brother, or your son or daughter, or the wife you love, or your closest friend secretly entices you, saying, "Let us go and worship other gods" (gods that neither you nor your fathers have known, gods of the peoples around you, whether near or far, from one end of the land to the other), do not yield to him or listen to him.