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Concept
Mare clausum
Résumé
Mare clausum (legal Latin meaning "closed sea") is a term used in international law to mention a sea, ocean or other navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a state that is closed or not accessible to other states. Mare clausum is an exception to mare liberum (Latin for "free sea"), meaning a sea that is open to navigation to ships of all nations. In the generally accepted principle of international waters, oceans, seas, and waters outside national jurisdiction are open to navigation by all and referred to as "high seas" or mare liberum. Portugal and Spain defended a Mare clausum policy during the Age of Discovery. This was soon challenged by other European nations.
From 30 BC to AD 117 the Roman Empire came to surround the Mediterranean by controlling most of its coasts. Romans started then to name this sea mare nostrum (Latin for "our sea"). At those times the period between November and March was considered the most dangerous for navigation, so it was declared "mare clausum" (closed sea), although bans on navigation were probably never enforced. In classical law the ocean was not territorial. However, since the Middle Ages maritime republics like the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice claimed a "Mare clausum" policy in the Mediterranean. Also Nordic kingdoms and England, required passage rates, monopolies on fishing and blocked foreign ships in their neighboring seas.
During the Age of Discovery, between the 15th and 17th century, sailing that had been mostly coastal became oceanic. Thus, the main focus was on long-haul routes. Countries of the Iberian Peninsula were pioneers in this process, seeking exclusive property and exploration rights over lands discovered and to be discovered. Given the amount of new lands and the resulting influx of wealth, the Kingdom of Portugal and the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon began to compete openly. To avoid hostilities, they resorted to secrecy and diplomacy, marked by the signing of the Treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479 and the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.
Source officielle
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Concepts associés (11)
Flotte des Indes
thumb|Séville au . La Flotte des Indes (Flota de Indias en espagnol) était une flotte organisée en convoi par l'empire espagnol, entre 1566 et 1790. Cette flotte servait aux transports de l'empire espagnol des Indes vers l'Espagne de biens d'une grande variété. Ceux-ci étaient aussi bien des produits agricoles que du bois de construction, des minerais, des produits manufacturés ou des objets de luxe. Mais surtout, la flotte des Indes était réputée pour transporter des richesses fabuleuses : métaux précieux (argent et or), pierres précieuses, perles, épices, sucre, tabac, soie et autres biens exotiques.
Freedom of the seas
Freedom of the seas is a principle in the law of the sea. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans. It also disapproves of war fought in water. The freedom is to be breached only in a necessary international agreement. This principle was one of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points proposed during the First World War. In his speech to the Congress, the president said: Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
Droit de la mer
Le droit de la mer est constitué par l’ensemble des règles relatives à l’utilisation des espaces maritimes, c’est-à-dire « les étendues d’eau salée, en communication libre et naturelle » par les sujets du droit international, au premier rang desquels figurent les États. Le droit de la mer définit donc juridiquement d'une part les espaces maritimes (eaux intérieures, mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive, plateau continental, haute mer, régimes particuliers des détroits internationaux et des États archipels), d'autre part les droits et les devoirs des États dans ces espaces, notamment ceux de navigation et d'exploitation des ressources économiques, ainsi que ceux de la protection du milieu marin.