Henry MarkramHenry Markram started a dual scientific and medical career at the University of Cape Town, in South Africa. His scientific work in the 80s revealed the polymodal receptive fields of pontomedullary reticular formation neurons in vivo and how acetylcholine re-organized these sensory maps.
He moved to Israel in 1988 and obtained his PhD at the Weizmann Institute where he discovered a link between acetylcholine and memory mechanisms by being the first to show that acetylcholine modulates the NMDA receptor in vitro studies, and thereby gates which synapses can undergo synaptic plasticity. He was also the first to characterize the electrical and anatomical properties of the cholinergic neurons in the medial septum diagonal band.
He carried out a first postdoctoral study as a Fulbright Scholar at the NIH, on the biophysics of ion channels on synaptic vesicles using sub-fractionation methods to isolate synaptic vesicles and patch-clamp recordings to characterize the ion channels. He carried out a second postdoctoral study at the Max Planck Institute, as a Minerva Fellow, where he discovered that individual action potentials propagating back into dendrites also cause pulsed influx of Ca2 into the dendrites and found that sub-threshold activity could also activated a low threshold Ca2 channel. He developed a model to show how different types of electrical activities can divert Ca2 to activate different intracellular targets depending on the speed of Ca2 influx an insight that helps explain how Ca2 acts as a universal second messenger. His most well known discovery is that of the millisecond watershed to judge the relevance of communication between neurons marked by the back-propagating action potential. This phenomenon is now called Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), which many laboratories around the world have subsequently found in multiple brain regions and many theoreticians have incorporated as a learning rule. At the Max-Planck he also started exploring the micro-anatomical and physiological principles of the different neurons of the neocortex and of the mono-synaptic connections that they form - the first step towards a systematic reverse engineering of the neocortical microcircuitry to derive the blue prints of the cortical column in a manner that would allow computer model reconstruction.
He received a tenure track position at the Weizmann Institute where he continued the reverse engineering studies and also discovered a number of core principles of the structural and functional organization such as differential signaling onto different neurons, models of dynamic synapses with Misha Tsodyks, the computational functions of dynamic synapses, and how GABAergic neurons map onto interneurons and pyramidal neurons. A major contribution during this period was his discovery of Redistribution of Synaptic Efficacy (RSE), where he showed that co-activation of neurons does not only alter synaptic strength, but also the dynamics of transmission. At the Weizmann, he also found the tabula rasa principle which governs the random structural connectivity between pyramidal neurons and a non-random functional connectivity due to target selection. Markram also developed a novel computation framework with Wolfgang Maass to account for the impact of multiple time constants in neurons and synapses on information processing called liquid computing or high entropy computing.
In 2002, he was appointed Full professor at the EPFL where he founded and directed the Brain Mind Institute. During this time Markram continued his reverse engineering approaches and developed a series of new technologies to allow large-scale multi-neuron patch-clamp studies. Markrams lab discovered a novel microcircuit plasticity phenomenon where connections are formed and eliminated in a Darwinian manner as apposed to where synapses are strengthening or weakened as found for LTP. This was the first demonstration that neural circuits are constantly being re-wired and excitation can boost the rate of re-wiring.
At the EPFL he also completed the much of the reverse engineering studies on the neocortical microcircuitry, revealing deeper insight into the circuit design and built databases of the blue-print of the cortical column. In 2005 he used these databases to launched the Blue Brain Project. The BBP used IBMs most advanced supercomputers to reconstruct a detailed computer model of the neocortical column composed of 10000 neurons, more than 340 different types of neurons distributed according to a layer-based recipe of composition and interconnected with 30 million synapses (6 different types) according to synaptic mapping recipes. The Blue Brain team built dozens of applications that now allow automated reconstruction, simulation, visualization, analysis and calibration of detailed microcircuits. This Proof of Concept completed, Markrams lab has now set the agenda towards whole brain and molecular modeling.
With an in depth understanding of the neocortical microcircuit, Markram set a path to determine how the neocortex changes in Autism. He found hyper-reactivity due to hyper-connectivity in the circuitry and hyper-plasticity due to hyper-NMDA expression. Similar findings in the Amygdala together with behavioral evidence that the animal model of autism expressed hyper-fear led to the novel theory of Autism called the Intense World Syndrome proposed by Henry and Kamila Markram. The Intense World Syndrome claims that the brain of an Autist is hyper-sensitive and hyper-plastic which renders the world painfully intense and the brain overly autonomous. The theory is acquiring rapid recognition and many new studies have extended the findings to other brain regions and to other models of autism.
Markram aims to eventually build detailed computer models of brains of mammals to pioneer simulation-based research in the neuroscience which could serve to aggregate, integrate, unify and validate our knowledge of the brain and to use such a facility as a new tool to explore the emergence of intelligence and higher cognitive functions in the brain, and explore hypotheses of diseases as well as treatments.
Johan AuwerxJohan Auwerx is Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he occupies the Nestle Chair in Energy Metabolism. Dr. Auwerx has been using molecular physiology and systems genetics to understand metabolism in health, aging and disease. Much of his work focused on understanding how diet, exercise and hormones control metabolism through changing the expression of genes by altering the activity of transcription factors and their associated cofactors. His work was instrumental for the development of agonists of nuclear receptors - a particular class of transcription factors - into drugs, which now are used to treat high blood lipid levels, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes. Dr. Auwerx was amongst the first to recognize that transcriptional cofactors, which fine-tune the activity of transcription factors, act as energy sensors/effectors that influence metabolic homeostasis. His research validated these cofactors as novel targets to treat metabolic diseases, and spurred the clinical use of natural compounds, such as resveratrol, as modulators of these cofactor pathways.
Johan Auwerx was elected as a member of EMBO in 2003 and is the recipient of a dozen of international scientific prizes, including the Danone International Nutrition Award, the Oskar Minkowski Prize, and the Morgagni Gold Medal. His work is highly cited by his peers with a h-factor of over 100. He is an editorial board member of several journals, including Cell Metabolism, Molecular Systems Biology, The EMBO Journal, Journal of Cell Biology, Cell, and Science. Dr. Auwerx co-founded a handful of biotech companies, including Carex, PhytoDia, and most recently Mitobridge, and has served on several scientific advisory boards.
Dr. Auwerx received both his MD and PhD in Molecular Endocrinology at the Katholieke Universiteit in Leuven, Belgium. He was a post-doctoral research fellow in the Departments of Medicine and Genetics of the University of Washington in Seattle.
Olivier MartinOlivier J.F. Martin a obtenu le diplôme (M.Sc.) et le doctorat en physique de l'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) en 1989, respectivement 1994. En 1989 il a rejoint le laboratoire de recherche d'IBM à Rüschlikon près de Zurich, où il a étudié les propriétés optiques et thermiques des lasers semiconducteur. Entre 1994 et 1997 il était collaborateur scientifique de l'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich (ETHZ). En 1997 il a reçu une bourse Profil du Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique (FNSRS) lui permettant de mettre sur pied un groupe de recherche indépendant. Entre 1996 et 1999, Olivier Martin a passé plus d'une année et demi aux U.S.A. comme collaborateur invité de l'Université de Californie à San Diego. En 2001 il a reçu une bourse de professeur assistant du FNSRS et devint professeur de Nano-optique à l'ETHZ. En 2003 il a été nommé professeur de nanophotonique et de traitement optique du signal à l'EPFL où il dirige actuellement le laboratoire de Nanophotonique & Métrologie.
Jacques-Edouard MoserProfesseur titulaire en chimie physique, Jacques Moser dirige actuellement le Groupe de dynamique photochimique (Groupe Moser) de l'EPFL. Jacques Moser est diplômé de l'École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), où il a reçu en 1982 un diplôme d'ingénieur chimiste et en 1986 un doctorat ès sciences pour sa thèse en chimie physique, menée sous la direction du Pr Michael Grätzel. En 1984 et 1985, il effectue deux séjours à l'Université Concordia de Montréal (Canada). A partir de 1986, il rejoint les laboratoires de recherche centraux de Eastman-Kodak Co. à Rochester (New York, USA) et est ensuite associé au Center for photoinduced charge transfer du NSF à l'Université de Rochester. De retour à l'EPFL, Jacques Moser dirige depuis 1991 un groupe de recherche dans le domaine de la photochimie. Il est chargé de cours à partir de 1992 et reçoit en 1998 l'habilitation ès sciences techniques et le titre de privat-docent. Il est nommé professeur titulaire en 2005. L'activité de recherche du Groupe Moser se focalise plus particulièrement sur létude de la dynamique des processus de transfert d'électron induits par la lumière aux interfaces et de séparation de charges dans des semiconducteurs nanostructurés. Le Pr Moser enseigne la chimie générale avancée (Équilibre et réactivité chimiques) en première année aux étudiants en chimie de l'EPFL. Il dispense les cours Photochemistry I et Photochemistry II aux étudiants de Master et des écoles doctorales en chimie, en énergie et en photonique. Lauréat du prix de la fondation Latsis internationale, Jacques Moser est auteur et co-auteur de près de 200 publications dans des revues scientifiques à comité de lecture (H-index = 75). Il a été président de la Société suisse de photochimie et photophysique, membre du comité international de l'European Photochemistry Association, membre de la direction centrale de la Société suisse de chimie (SSC) et membre du comité executif de la division Recherche scientifique de la SSC. Il a été le directeur de la Section de chimie et de génie chimique de l'EPFL et l'un des membres de la direction de la Faculté des sciences de base de 2007 à 2015.
Rainer BeckProfessor titulaire EPFL, 2006
Privat Docent EPFL, 1997
Habilitation and venia legendi, Universität Karlsruhe, 1996
Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry, Oregon State University, 1990
Degree in Physics, Universität Stuttgart, 1985
