Tire model

In vehicle dynamics, a tire model is a type of multibody simulation used to simulate the behavior of tires. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. Tire models can be classified on their accuracy and complexity, in a spectrum that goes from more simple empirical models to more complex physical models that are theoretically grounded. Empirical models include Hans B. Pacejka's Magic Formula, while physically based models include brush models (although they are still quite simplified), and more complex and detailed physical models include RMOD-K, FTire and Hankook. Theoretically-based models can be in turn classified from more approximative to more complex ones, going for example from the solid model, to the rigid ring model, to the flexural (elastic) ring model (like the Fiala model), and to the most complex ones based on finite element methods. Brush models were very popular in the 1960s and '70s, after which Pacejka's models became widespread for many applications. Brush model (Dugoff, Fancher and Segel, 1970) Hohenheim tire model (physical approach [1] ) Pacejka Magic Formula Tire (Bakker, Nyborg and Pacejka, 1987) TameTire (semi-physical approach) TMeasy (semi-physical approach) Stretched string tire model (Fiala 1954) BRIT (Brush and Ring Tire) CDTire (Comfort and Durability Tire) Ctire (Comfort tire) Dtire (Dynamical Nonlinear Spatial Tire Model) FTire (Flexible Structure Tire Model) RMOD-K (Comfort and Durability Tire) SWIFT (Short Wavelength Intermediate Frequency Tire) (Besselink, Pacejka, Schmeitz, & Jansen, 2005) Fully physics-based tire models have been typically too computational expensive to be run in realtime driving simulations. For example, to since CDTire/3D, a physics-based tire model, cannot be run in realtime, for realtime applications typically an equivalent semi-empirical "magic formula" type of model, called CDTire/Realtime, is derived from it through experiments and a regression algorithm. 10th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2019 (pp.