Mortalité infantile

Résumé

La mortalité infantile est une statistique calculée en faisant le rapport entre le nombre d'enfants morts avant l'âge d’un an sur le nombre total d’enfants nés vivants. Cette statistique est exprimée pour . Elle sert essentiellement à juger de la qualité des soins obstétriques et pédiatriques d'un pays. La réduction du taux de mortalité infantile par élimination des décès évitables d’enfants d’ici à 2030 fait partie des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement de l'Organisation des Nations unies. Périodes de vulnérabilité La mortalité infantile peut être divisée en 3 parties distinctes: la mortalité néonatale précoce, qui concerne les décès survenant avant les 7 premiers jours de vie; la mortalité néonatale tardive, qui inclut les décès survenant entre le 7ème et le 27ème jour après la naissance; et enfin la mortalité post-néonatale, qui comprend les décès survenant entre le 28ème jour et le 364ème jour après la naissance. Le risque de décéder est le plus important la

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Scattering coefficients for the automatic diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia

Ivan Benjamin Baeriswyl

Perinatal Asphyxia is causing the death of about 1.2 million newborn infants every year. It is one of top three causes of infant mortality in developing countries. The current way of determining the occurrence of perinatal asphyxia is by the analysis of a blood sample, something requiring medical settings and competent staff, things which often lack in rural areas of those countries. That lack usually leads into late detection of the illness, resulting into brain damages or even death of the concerned infants. The initial step of the project was to develop a prototype for the perinatal asphyxia diagnosis and reproduce the state-of-the-art results found in the literature using machine learning on infant cry samples. The next step was to try another kind of features than what was previously used and the final step was to compare the results. We designed a support vector machine (SVM)-based pattern recognition system that models patterns in the cries of known asphyxiating and non-asphyxiating infants, using Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and scattering coefficients. We had only 6 samples of distinct asphyxiating infants and thus a system has been designed to take this issue into account. For the time being, we cannot conclude anything as the database needs to be expanded. Taking into account the segmentation gives us an average accuracy of 87.5% for both the MFCCs and the scattering coefficients.

2015

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Objective: Plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, a biomarker of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) activity, is a strong independent predictor of mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may play a key role in HIV pathogenesis. We performed a genome-wide study to identify potential host genetic determinants of kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in HIV-infected ART-suppressed Ugandans. Design/methods: We performed genome-wide and exome array genotyping and measured plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio during the initial 6-12 months of suppressive ART in Ugandans. We evaluated more than 16 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in association with log(10) kynurenine/tryptophan ratio using linear mixed models adjusted for cohort, sex, pregnancy, and ancestry. Results: Among 597 Ugandans, 62% were woman, median age was 35, median baseline CD4(+) cell count was 135 cells/mu l, and median baseline HIV-1 RNA was 5.1 log(10) copies/ml. Several polymorphisms in candidate genes TNF, IFNGR1, and TLR4 were associated with log(10) kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (P < 5.0 x 10(-5)). An intergenic polymorphism between CSPG5 and ELP6 was genome-wide significant, whereas several others exhibited suggestive associations (P < 5.0 x 10(-7)), including genes encoding protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPRM and PTPRN2) and the vitamin D metabolism gene, CYP24A1. Several of these single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with markers of inflammation, coagulation, and monocyte activation, but did not replicate in a small US cohort (N = 262; 33% African-American). Conclusion: Our findings highlight a potentially important role of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and Toll-like receptor signaling in determining IDO activity and subsequent mortality risk in HIV-infected ART-suppressed Ugandans. These results also identify potential novel pathways involved in IDO immunoregulation. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in treated HIV-infected populations. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins2016

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The arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) causes a severe haemorrhagic fever with high mortality in man. The cellular receptor for LASV is dystroglycan (DG). DG is a ubiquitous receptor for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which cooperates with beta 1 integrins to control cellmatrix interactions. Here, we investigated whether LASV binding to DG triggers signal transduction, mimicking the natural ligands. Engagement of DG by LASV resulted in the recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2 and the protein kinase MEK1 by the cytoplasmic domain of DG without activating the MEK/ERK pathway, indicating assembly of an inactive signalling complex. LASV binding to cells however affected the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway via a6 beta 1 integrins. The virus-induced perturbation of a6 beta 1 integrin signalling critically depended on high-affinity LASV binding to DG and DG's cytoplasmic domain, indicating that LASVreceptor binding perturbed signalling cross-talk between DG and beta 1 integrins.

Wiley-Blackwell2012

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