Biochimies hypothétiques

Les biochimies hypothétiques sont des suppositions sur les types de biochimies que pourrait revêtir une vie extraterrestre exotique selon des formes différant radicalement de celles connues sur Terre. Elles comprennent les biochimies employant des éléments autres que le carbone pour construire les structures moléculaires primaires ou se produisant dans des solvants autres que l'eau. Les évocations de vie extraterrestre fondées sur ces biochimies « alternatives » sont communes dans la science-fiction. Chiralité ; molécules de base Peut-être le type de biochimie la moins « exotique » comprendrait-elle une chiralité différente de ses biomolécules. Dans la biochimie terrestre connue, les acides aminés sont presque universellement de type L « gauches » et les sucres sont eux tous de type D « droits ». Les molécules de chiralité opposée ont les propriétés chimiques identiques à leurs formes reflétées ; ainsi une biochimie qui incorporerait des acides aminés D et/ou des sucr

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A Model of Synaptic Reconsolidation

Wulfram Gerstner, David Barak Kastner, Tilo Schwalger, Lorric Ziegler

Reconsolidation of memories has mostly been studied at the behavioral and molecular level. Here, we put forward a simple extension of existing computational models of synaptic consolidation to capture hippocampal slice experiments that have been interpreted as reconsolidation at the synaptic level. The model implements reconsolidation through stabilization of consolidated synapses by stabilizing entities combined with an activity-dependent reservoir of stabilizing entities that are immune to protein synthesis inhibition (PSI). We derive a reduced version of our model to explore the conditions under which synaptic reconsolidation does or does not occur, often referred to as the boundary conditions of reconsolidation. We find that our computational model of synaptic reconsolidation displays complex boundary conditions. Our results suggest that a limited resource of hypothetical stabilizing molecules or complexes, which may be implemented by protein phosphorylation or different receptor subtypes, can underlie the phenomenon of synaptic reconsolidation.

Frontiers Research Foundation2016

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Identification of HcgC as a SAM-Dependent Pyridinol Methyltransferase in [Fe]-Hydrogenase Cofactor Biosynthesis

Lichen Bai, Xile Hu, Tao Xu

Previous retrosynthetic and isotope-labeling studies have indicated that biosynthesis of the iron guanylylpyridinol (FeGP) cofactor of [Fe]-hydrogenase requires a methyltransferase. This hypothetical enzyme covalently attaches the methyl group at the 3-position of the pyridinol ring. We describe the identification of HcgC, a gene product of the hcgA-G cluster responsible for FeGP cofactor biosynthesis. It acts as an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase, based on the crystal structures of HcgC and the HcgC/SAM and HcgC/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) complexes. The pyridinol substrate, 6-carboxymethyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyridinol, was predicted based on properties of the conserved binding pocket and substrate docking simulations. For verification, the assumed substrate was synthesized and used in a kinetic assay. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis revealed 6-carboxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyridinol as the reaction product, which confirmed the function of HcgC.

Wiley-Blackwell2016

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Photobleaching Kinetics and Time-Integrated Emission of Fluorescent Probes in Cellular Membranes

Daniel Sage

Since the pioneering work of Hirschfeld, it is known that time-integrated emission (TiEm) of a fluorophore is independent of fluorescence quantum yield and illumination intensity. Practical implementation of this important result for determining exact probe distribution in living cells is often hampered by the presence of autofluorescence. Using kinetic modelling of photobleaching combined with pixel-wise bleach rate fitting of decay models with an updated plugin to the ImageJ program, it is shown that the TiEm of a fluorophore in living cells can be determined exactly from the product of bleaching amplitude and time constant. This applies to mono-exponential bleaching from the first excited singlet and/or triplet state and to multi-exponential combinations of such processes. The TiEm can be used to correct for illumination shading and background autofluorescence without the need for fluorescent test layers or separate imaging of non-stained cells. We apply the method to simulated images and to images of cells, whose membranes were labelled with fluorescent sterols and sphingolipids. Our bleaching model can be extended to include a probability density function (PDF) of intrinsic bleach rate constants with a memory kernel. This approach results in a time-dependent bleach rate coefficient and is exemplified for fluorescent sterols in restricted intracellular environments, like lipid droplets. We show that for small deviations from the classical exponential bleaching, the TiEm of decay functions with rate coefficients remains largely independent of fluorescence lifetime and illumination, and thereby represents a faithful measure of probe distribution.

Mdpi Ag2014

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Vie extraterrestre

La vie extraterrestre (du latin extra, « au-dehors, à l'extérieur »), ou extra-terrestre, désigne toute forme de vie présente ailleurs que sur la planète Terre. vignette|La météorite de Murchison i

Vie

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Carbon is a primary component of all known life on Earth, representing approximately 45–50% of all dry biomass. Carbon compounds occur naturally in great abundance on Earth. Complex biological molecu

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MICRO-560: BioMEMS

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