Graft (surgery)

Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another creature, without bringing its own blood supply with it. Instead, a new blood supply grows in after it is placed. A similar technique where tissue is transferred with the blood supply intact is called a flap. In some instances, a graft can be an artificially manufactured device. Examples of this are a tube to carry blood flow across a defect or from an artery to a vein for use in hemodialysis. Autografts and isografts are usually not considered as foreign and, therefore, do not elicit rejection. Allografts and xenografts may be recognized as foreign by the recipient and rejected. Autograft: graft taken from one part of the body of an individual and transplanted onto another site in the same individual, e.g., skin graft. Isograft: graft taken from one individual and placed on another individual of the same genetic constitution, e.g., grafts between identical twins. Allograft: graft taken from one individual placed on a genetically non-identical member of the same species. Xenograft: graft taken from one individual placed on an individual belonging to another species, e.g., animal to human. The term grafting is most commonly applied to skin grafting, however many tissues can be grafted: skin, bone, nerves, tendons, neurons, blood vessels, fat, and cornea are tissues commonly grafted today. Specific types include: Skin grafting is often used to treat skin loss due to a wound, burn, infection, or surgery. In the case of damaged skin, it is removed, and new skin is grafted in its place. Skin grafting can reduce the course of treatment and hospitalization needed, and can also improve function and appearance. There are two types of skin grafts: Split-thickness skin grafts [epidermis + part of the dermis] Full-thickness skin grafts [epidermis + entire thickness of the dermis] Bone grafting is used in dental implants, as well as other instances. The bone may be autologous, typically harvested from the iliac crest of the pelvis, or banked bone/allograft.