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Concept
Alternation (linguistics)
Résumé
In linguistics, an alternation is the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphological, and/or syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself.
Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the allophones and allomorphs of a language's phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs.
Allomorph
An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the English plural marker commonly spelled s or es. This morpheme is pronounced /s/, /z/, or /ᵻz/, depending on the nature of the preceding sound.
If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant (one of /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/), or an affricate (one of /tʃ/, /dʒ/), the plural marker takes the form /ᵻz/. Examples:
mass /ˈmæs/, plural masses /ˈmæsᵻz/
fez /ˈfɛz/, plural fezzes /ˈfɛzᵻz/
mesh /ˈmɛʃ/, plural meshes /ˈmɛʃᵻz/
mirage /mɪˈrɑːʒ/, plural mirages /mɪˈrɑːʒᵻz/
church /ˈtʃɜːrtʃ/, plural churches /ˈtʃɜːrtʃᵻz/
bridge /ˈbrɪdʒ/, plural bridges /ˈbrɪdʒᵻz/
Otherwise, if the preceding sound is voiceless, the plural marker takes the likewise voiceless form /s/. Examples:
mop /ˈmɒp/, plural mops /ˈmɒps/
mat /ˈmæt/, plural mats /ˈmæts/
pack /ˈpæk/, plural packs /ˈpæks/
cough /ˈkɒf/, plural coughs /ˈkɒfs/
myth /ˈmɪθ/, plural myths /ˈmɪθs/
Otherwise, the preceding sound is voiced, and the plural marker takes the likewise voiced form /z/.
dog /ˈdɒɡ/, plural dogs /ˈdɒɡz/
glove /ˈɡlʌv/, plural gloves /ˈɡlʌvz/
ram /ˈræm/, plural rams /ˈræmz/
doll /ˈdɒl/, plural dolls /ˈdɒlz/
toe /ˈtoʊ/, plural toes /ˈtoʊz/
Apophony
French has an example of morphologically conditioned alternation. The feminine form of many adjectives ends in a consonant sound that is missing in the masculine form.
Source officielle
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