Idéologie

Une idéologie est un système prédéfini d'idées, appelées aussi catégories, à partir desquelles la réalité est analysée, par opposition à une connaissance intuitive de la réalité sensible perçue. De tels systèmes considérés comme idéologiques existent dans les domaines politique, social, économique, culturel et religieux. Une idéologie est souvent la dimension culturelle d'une institution sociale ou d'un système de pouvoir. Une idéologie dominante est diffuse et omniprésente, mais généralement invisible pour celle ou celui qui la partage, du fait même que cette idéologie fonde la façon de voir le monde. On peut distinguer dans une idéologie les dimensions :

cognitive : dogmes, croyances () ;
morale : jugements, valeurs () ;
normative : normes ().

À l'origine, le terme d'idéologie fut créé par Destutt de Tracy pour tenter de fonder une discipline qui étudie les idées pour elles-mêmes (la mémétique, si ses axiomes sont corrects, pourrait être une branche ou dimension de cette étud

Pietre che parlano. Gli Höfe della Vienna socialista

Alessandro Porotto

The utopian dimension of the 1920s experience of Red Vienna originates from the close connection between architectural type and language. Through the collective memory the large court blocks (Höfe) are an essential part of urban identity. Examining in a critical way the studies on this topic (Tafuri, 1980 and Hautmann, Hautmann, 1980) and the housing programs (Die Wohnungspolitik der Gemeinde Wien, 1929), we can observe the impact of this experience from an objective point of view, beyond the political and ideological aspects. The re-drawings of plans with the highest graphic homogeneity and the photographic documents of some examples allow us to compare and understand the features of this utopian character. Extrapolating the main principles, it is possible to reflect on the current conditions of the relationship between housing, city and society. To this day the Höfe in Vienna have spatial qualities for the social housing and the community life. For this reason, the objective of the critical analysis is to develop a better understanding of the large court blocks for contemporary housing. In our individualistic society nowadays it is crucial to think about the collective dimension of the city and the social importance of living together in a future perspective.

2017

Kleinwohnung vs Existenzminimum. Social housing types from inter-war years

Alessandro Porotto

The interwar period was particularly crucial for urban policies in Europe because it was characterized by an intense architectural and programmatic debate concerning the form of the city and the production of social housing. Of the European experiences Das rote Wien (Vienna, 1919-1934) and Das neue Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main, 1925-1933) developed the most convincing typological solutions in answer to issues raised by housing problems in the nineteenth century. In this perspective, the Viennese Kleinwohnung (small flat) and the Frankfurt Existenzminimum (minimum dwelling) correspond to two alternative, but complementary, dwelling types. The objective of this paper is to draw a comparison of these opposite architectural types according to the following criteria: dimensions, distribution, and spatial composition. Despite their evident differences, both are the result of a modern and rational approach for designing the affordable housing as well as for promoting a new living culture (Wohnkultur). The main concern is the achieved comfort: for example, by adding the entrance hall, the equipped kitchen, the toilets, and an efficient organization of rooms. They constitute an improvement of the hygienic conditions, but also the accomplishment of a democratization program, which means to eliminate the distinction between social classes. The analysis is realized using critical re-drawings of the houses plans in order to get the highest graphic homogeneity. Therefore, the aim of this study is the critical comparison of a selection of case studies from an architectural point of view. Architectural historians and critics have often neglected or observed in an ideological perspective these examples. Today, looking at those the typological solutions means a new approach for a better comprehension and a wider viewpoint of 1920s’ social housing experiences. The comparative approach that animates this paper allows the analysis of several case studies through homogeneous tools. The systematic use of redrawing stress the key role of some architectural solutions, which are still today in the centre of housing debate.

2017

Kleinwohnung vs Existenzminimum. Social housing types from inter-war years

Alessandro Porotto

2017

Pietre che parlano. Gli Höfe della Vienna socialista

Self-employment, start-up incentives and political ideology

Kleinwohnung vs Existenzminimum. Social housing types from inter-war years

Kleinwohnung vs Existenzminimum. Social housing types from inter-war years

Pietre che parlano. Gli Höfe della Vienna socialista

Self-employment, start-up incentives and political ideology