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Concept
Passive ventilation
Résumé
Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.
There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.
Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".
The static pressure of air is the pressure in a free-flowing air stream and is depicted by isobars in weather maps. Differences in static pressure arise from global and microclimate thermal phenomena and create the air flow we call wind. Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted when the wind comes into contact with an object such as a hill or a building and it is described by the following equation:
where (using SI units):
{| border="0"
|-
| || = dynamic pressure in pascals,
|-
| || = fluid density in kg/m3 (e.g. density of air),
|-
| || = fluid velocity in m/s.
|}
The impact of wind on a building affects the ventilation and infiltration rates through it and the associated heat losses or heat gains. Wind speed increases with height and is lower towards the ground due to frictional drag. In practical terms wind pressure will vary considerably creating complex air flows and turbulence by its interaction with elements of the natural environment (trees, hills) and urban context (buildings, structures).
Source officielle
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Concepts associés (16)
Badguir
thumb|260px|Maison des Boroudjerdis, à Kashan (Iran), construite en 1857. Un excellent exemple d'architecture en région désertique, où l'on peut remarquer deux hauts badguirs. Le badguir (du persan بادگیر / bâdgir, littéralement « attrape-vent ») est un élément traditionnel d'architecture persane utilisé depuis des siècles pour créer une ventilation naturelle dans les bâtiments, en particulier ceux des quartiers d'été (en تابستاننشین / tâbestân-nešin) situés au sud de la cour centrale de certaines maisons.
Tirage thermique
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Cross ventilation
Cross ventilation is a natural phenomena where wind, fresh air or a breeze enters upon an opening, such as a window, and flows directly through the space and exits through an opening on the opposite side of the building (where the air pressure is lower). This produces a cool stream of air and as well as a current across the room from the exposed area to the sheltered area. Other terms used for the effect include, cross-breeze, cross-draft, wind effect ventilation and cross-flow ventilation.
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