Dahalo (langue)Le dahalo (ou sanye) est une langue afro-asiatique de la branche des langues couchitiques parlée dans le Nord-Est du Kenya sur les rives du fleuve Tana, par un groupe de chasseurs collecteurs. La langue est menacée par le swahili. Le dahalo est classé dans le sous-groupe méridional des langues couchitiques avec des langues telles que l'iraqw, le , l'alagwa, le burunge. La phonologie du dahalo possède des traits qui le caractérisent comme une langue afro-asiatique. La langue a les pharyngales et , ainsi qu'une série de glottales, , , , et .
Glottalic consonantIn phonetics, a glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution (movement or closure) of the glottis. Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward or downward, as the initiator of an egressive or ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism respectively. An egressive glottalic airstream produces ejective consonants, while an ingressive glottalic airstream produces implosive consonants. Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops (plosives) or affricates, while implosives are almost always voiced stops.
Consonne linguo-labialeUne consonne linguo-labiale (ou une linguo-labiale par souci de concision), aussi appelé consonne apico-labiale, désigne, en phonétique articulatoire, une consonne apicale dont le lieu d'articulation est situé au niveau de la lèvre supérieure ; la constriction est obtenue avec la pointe de la langue. Les linguo-labiales sont des consonnes rares ; elles se trouvent entre autres dans certaines langues d'Océanie telles que l'araki parlé au Vanuatu.
Ingressive soundIn phonetics, ingressive sounds are sounds by which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. The three types of ingressive sounds are lingual ingressive or velaric ingressive (from the tongue and the velum), glottalic ingressive (from the glottis), and pulmonic ingressive (from the lungs). The opposite of an ingressive sound is an egressive sound, by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The majority of sounds in most languages, such as vowels, are both pulmonic and egressive.
Egressive soundIn human speech, egressive sounds are sounds in which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual (velaric) egressive (from the tongue). The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound, in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. Pulmonic egressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the lungs, ribs, and diaphragm.
Source–filter modelThe source–filter model represents speech as a combination of a sound source, such as the vocal cords, and a linear acoustic filter, the vocal tract. While only an approximation, the model is widely used in a number of applications such as speech synthesis and speech analysis because of its relative simplicity. It is also related to linear prediction. The development of the model is due, in large part, to the early work of Gunnar Fant, although others, notably Ken Stevens, have also contributed substantially to the models underlying acoustic analysis of speech and speech synthesis.
Consonne dorsaleDorsal consonants are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum). They include the palatal, velar and, in some cases, alveolo-palatal and uvular consonants. They contrast with coronal consonants, articulated with the flexible front of the tongue, and laryngeal consonants, articulated in the pharyngeal cavity. The dorsum of the tongue can contact a broad region of the roof of the mouth, from the hard palate (palatal consonants), the flexible velum behind that (velar consonants), to the uvula at the back of the mouth cavity (uvular consonants).
Avancement ou rétraction de la racine de la langueEn phonétique articulatoire, l'avancement (ou avancée) de la racine de la langue (ou de la racine linguale), également désigné sous le sigle ATR (de l'anglais Advanced tongue root), est une expansion de la cavité pharyngeale provoquée par l’avancement de la racine de la langue vers (souvent par l’abaissement) de larynx pendant la prononciation d’une voyelle. L'abaissement du larynx provoque parfois le murmure. L'absence de cette propriété est elle-même dénommée sous le nom de rétraction (ou recul) de la racine de la langue (ou de la racine linguale).
Tongue shapeIn linguistics, specifically articulatory phonetics, tongue shape describes the shape that the tongue assumes when it makes a sound. Because the sibilant sounds have such a high perceptual prominence, tongue shape is particularly important; small changes in tongue shape are easily audible and can be used to produce different speech sounds, even within a given language.
