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Ajami (, ) or Ajamiyya (, ), which comes from the Arabic root for 'foreign' or 'stranger', is an Arabic-derived script used for writing African languages, particularly those of Mandé, Hausa and Swahili, although many other African languages are written using the script, including Mooré, Pulaar, Wolof, and Yoruba. It is an adaptation of the Arabic script to write sounds not found in Standard Arabic. Rather than adding new letters, modifications usually consist of additional dots or lines added to pre-existing letters. The script was first used between the 10th and the 16th centuries. It was likely originally created with the intent of promoting Islam in West Africa. The first languages written in the script were likely old Taseelhit or medieval Amazigh, Kanuri, or Songhay. Later, Fulfulde, Hausa, Wolof, and Yoruba would use the script. By the 17th century, the script was being used to publish religious texts and poetry. Guinean Fulani poetry was written in Ajami from the middle of the 18th century. During the pre-colonial period, Qur'anic schools taught Muslim children Arabic and, by extension, Ajami. After Western colonization, a Latin orthography for Hausa was adopted and the Ajami script declined in popularity. Some anti-colonial groups and movements continued to use Ajami. An Islamic revival in the 19th century led to a wave of Ajami written works. Ajami remains in widespread use among Islamic circles but exists in digraphia among the broader populace. Ajami is used ceremonially and for specific purposes, such as for local herbal preparations in the Jula language. There is no standard system of using Ajami, and different writers may use letters with different values. Short vowels are written regularly with the help of vowel marks (which are seldom used in Arabic texts other than the Quran). Many medieval Hausa manuscripts, similar to the Timbuktu Manuscripts written in the Ajami script, have been discovered recently. and some of them describe constellations and calendars.

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Concepts associés (2)

Arabic script

The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin alphabet), the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it or a script directly derived from it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts). The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam.

Adjami

vignette|Deux pages manuscrites d'un livre astronomique écrit en adjami, provenant de Timnuktu. L’adjami (en arabe عجمي ʿaǰamī) est un ensemble d’alphabets dérivés de l’alphabet arabe, utilisés en Afrique. Ces alphabets ont été ou sont encore utilisés en Afrique de l’Ouest, pour l’écriture du haoussa, du peul,du yoruba,du wolof, du diola-fogny et de plusieurs langues mandingues comme le mandinka, le bambara et le dioula, et en Afrique de l’Est pour l’écriture du swahili ou du somali.