Résumé
Within the field of developmental biology, one goal is to understand how a particular cell develops into a final cell type, known as fate determination. Within an embryo, several processes play out at the cellular and tissue level to create an organism. These processes include cell proliferation, differentiation, cellular movement and programmed cell death. Each cell in an embryo receives molecular signals from neighboring cells in the form of proteins, RNAs and even surface interactions. Almost all animals undergo a similar sequence of events during very early development, a conserved process known as embryogenesis. During embryogenesis, cells exist in three germ layers, and undergo gastrulation. While embryogenesis has been studied for more than a century, it was only recently (the past 25 years or so) that scientists discovered that a basic set of the same proteins and mRNAs are involved in embryogenesis. Evolutionary conservation is one of the reasons that model systems such as the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the mouse (Mus musculus), and other organisms are used as models to study embryogenesis and developmental biology. Studying model organisms provides information relevant to other animals, including humans. While studying the different model systems, cells fate was discovered to be determined via multiple ways, two of which are by the combination of transcription factors the cells have and by the cell-cell interaction. Cells’ fate determination mechanisms were categorized into three different types, autonomously specified cells, conditionally specified cells, or syncytial specified cells. Furthermore, the cells’ fate was determined mainly using two types of experiments, cell ablation and transplantation. The results obtained from these experiments, helped in identifying the fate of the examined cells. The development of new molecular tools including GFP, and major advances in imaging technology including fluorescence microscopy, have made possible the mapping of the cell lineage of Caenorhabditis elegans including its embryo.
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Concepts associés (7)
Blastocyste
alt=|vignette|221x221px|Schéma de blastocyste Le (du grec (blastos) signifiant « germe, bourgeon » et (kystis) pour « vessie ») est un stade du développement embryonnaire précoce des mammifères (d'une durée de 5 à 7 jours chez l'être humain), au cours duquel coexistent les cellules périphériques, appelées cellules du trophectoderme (ou trophoblaste), à l'origine des structures extra-embryonnaires comme le placenta ou le cordon ombilical, et des cellules de la masse interne, qui forment le bouton embryonnair
Blastulation
Blastulation is the stage in early animal embryonic development that produces the blastula. In mammalian development the blastula develops into the blastocyst with a differentiated inner cell mass and an outer trophectoderm. The blastula (from Greek βλαστός ( meaning sprout)) is a hollow sphere of cells known as blastomeres surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. Embryonic development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg cell to become a zygote, which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula.
Différenciation cellulaire
La différenciation cellulaire est un concept de biologie du développement décrivant le processus par lequel les cellules se spécialisent en un « type » cellulaire avec une structure et une composition spécifiques permettant d'accomplir une ou plusieurs fonctions particulières. La morphologie d'une cellule peut changer radicalement durant la différenciation, mais le matériel génétique reste le même, à quelques exceptions près. Une cellule capable de se différencier en plusieurs types de cellules est appelée pluripotente.
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