A scotoma is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision.
Every normal mammalian eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually termed its blind spot. This is a location with no photoreceptor cells, where the retinal ganglion cell axons that compose the optic nerve exit the retina. This location is called the optic disc. There is no direct conscious awareness of visual scotomas. They are simply regions of reduced information within the visual field. Rather than recognizing an incomplete image, patients with scotomas report that things "disappear" on them.
The presence of the blind spot scotoma can be demonstrated subjectively by covering one eye, carefully holding fixation with the open eye, and placing an object (such as one's thumb) in the lateral and horizontal visual field, about 15 degrees from fixation (see the blind spot article). The size of the monocular scotoma is 5×7 degrees of visual angle.
A scotoma can be a symptom of damage to any part of the visual system, such as retinal damage from exposure to high-powered lasers, macular degeneration and brain damage.
The term scotoma is also used metaphorically in several fields. The common theme of all the figurative senses is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's perception, cognition, or world view. The term is from Greek σκότος/skótos, "darkness."
Symptom-producing, or pathological, scotomata may be due to a wide range of disease processes, affecting any part of the visual system, including the retina (in particular its most sensitive portion, the macula), the optic nerve and even the visual cortex. A pathological scotoma may involve any part of the visual field and may be of any shape or size. A scotoma may include and enlarge the normal blind spot.
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Normal_right_eye_visual_fild_by_campimeter.jpg Le champ visuel est la portion de l'espace vue par un œil regardant droit devant lui et immobile. Lorsque l’œil fixe un point, il est capable de détecter dans une zone d'espace limitée, des lumières, des couleurs et des formes. L'examen du champ visuel ou périmétrie étudie la sensibilité à la lumière à l'intérieur de cet espace. L'interprétation des anomalies du champ visuel permet de diagnostiquer les dysfonctionnements ou les pathologies de la voie visuelle allant de la rétine au cortex visuel occipital.
Un examen de la vue est une série de tests effectués pour évaluer l'acuité visuelle et la capacité de mise au point. Il comprend également d'autres tests et examens relatifs aux yeux. Les examens de la vue sont principalement effectués par un optométriste, un ophtalmologiste, un orthoptiste ou un opticien. Les professionnels de la santé recommandent souvent de subir des examens oculaires périodiques et approfondis dans le cadre des soins primaires de routine, d'autant plus que de nombreuses maladies oculaires sont asymptomatiques.
A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, pituitary disease, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid.
During the procedure of prism adaptation, subjects execute pointing movements to visual targets under a lateral optical displacement: as consequence of the discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive inputs, their visuo-motor activity is characterized by ...
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Understanding our visual world requires both looking and seeing. Dissociation of these processes can result in the phenomenon of inattentional blindness or 'looking without seeing'. Concomitant errors in applied settings can be serious, and even deadly. Cu ...