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Natural-gas processing is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing contaminants such as solids, water, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercury and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons (condensate) to produce pipeline quality dry natural gas for pipeline distribution and final use. Some of the substances which contaminate natural gas have economic value and are further processed or sold. Hydrocarbons that are liquid at ambient conditions: temperature and pressure (i.e., pentane and heavier) are called natural-gas condensate (sometimes also called natural gasoline or simply condensate). Raw natural gas comes primarily from three types of wells: crude oil wells, gas wells, and condensate wells. Crude oil and natural gas are often found together in the same reservoir. Natural gas produced in wells with crude oil is generally classified as associated-dissolved gas as the gas had been associated with or dissolved in crude oil. Natural gas production not associated with crude oil is classified as “non-associated.” In 2009, 89 percent of U.S. wellhead production of natural gas was non-associated. Non-associated gas wells producing a dry gas in terms of condensate and water can send the dry gas directly to a pipeline or gas plant without undergoing any separation processIng allowing immediate use. Natural-gas processing begins underground or at the well-head. In a crude oil well, natural gas processing begins as the fluid loses pressure and flows through the reservoir rocks until it reaches the well tubing. In other wells, processing begins at the wellhead which extracts the composition of natural gas according to the type, depth, and location of the underground deposit and the geology of the area. Natural gas when relatively free of hydrogen sulfide is called sweet gas; natural gas that contains elevated hydrogen sulfide levels is called sour gas; natural gas, or any other gas mixture, containing significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide or similar acidic gases, is called acid gas.

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Natural-gas processing

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Multilevel screening of computation-ready, experimental metal-organic frameworks for natural gas purification

Yi Zhang, Berend Smit, Zhi Li

In this study, traditional Monte Carlo simulation and density functional theory-based structural optimization methods were combined to screen computation-ready experimental metal-organic framework (MOF) database for the application of natural gas purification. Our results show that about half of the good performing computation-ready experimental MOF structures displayed various degrees of deformation (even collapse) after the structure optimization. This phenomenon attributed to the strong attraction of unsaturated metals which attract nearby organic components. For some materials with deformation, unsaturated metals form new bonds with the adjacent organic linkers creating distortions that would be unrealistic in the experimental materials. For the remaining relatively stable materials whose structural characteristics did not change too much, we further studied the adsorption performance of their optimized structures. Finally, 12 good-performing MOF materials with high stability were found which could greatly improve the possibility for constructing robust MOFs that could hold open metal sites by experiments.

WILEY2021

Smart material concept: reversible microstructural self-regeneration for catalytic applications

Davide Ferri, Andre Heel, Roman Kontic

This paper presents a proof-of-concept study and demonstrates the next generation of a "smart" catalyst material, applicable to high temperature catalysis and electro-catalysis such as gas processing and as a catalyst for solid oxide cells. A modified citrate-gel technique was developed for the synthesis of LaxSr1-1.5xTi1-yNiyO3-delta. This method allowed the synthesis of single phase materials with a high specific surface area, after the first calcination step at temperatures as low as 650 degrees C. Up to 5 at% of nickel could be incorporated into the perovskite structure at this low calcination temperature. X-ray powder diffraction and microscopy techniques have proven the exsolution of nickel nanoclusters under low oxygen partial pressure. The amount of exsoluted nickel nanoparticles was sensitive to surface finishing, whereby much more exsoluted nanoparticles were observed on pre-treated and polished surfaces as compared to original ones. Increasing A-site deficiency leads to a larger number of nickel particles on the surface, indicating a destabilizing influence of the A-site vacancies on the B-site metal cations. Repetitive redox cycles prove that the nickel exsolution and re-integration is a fully reversible process. These materials working in a cyclic and repetitive way may overcome the drawbacks of currently used conventional catalysts used for high temperature systems and overcome major degradation issues related to catalyst poisoning and coarsening-induced aging.

Royal Society of Chemistry2016

Investigation of the emission of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a wastewater treatment plant at Lausanne (Switzerland) by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)

Hubert van den Bergh, Bertrand Calpini, Tiziana Iannone

Recent research works show that wastewater treatment plants may contribute significantly to the total emission of volatile org. compds. (VOCs) in urban areas. In order to investigate this contribution, a measurement campaign was carried out during Sept., 1999, in the Lausanne, Switzerland, area. The concns. of monocyclic arom. hydrocarbons (MAHs) over a wastewater treatment plant at Lausanne were monitored by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) and gas chromatog. with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). An FID was used for monitoring the overall concn. of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). The local meteorol. conditions were also measured. The concns. of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and phenol over the wastewater treatment plant as measured by DOAS and GC-FID are compared. In addn., based upon the results of a recent field expt., the impact of the oxygen interference on DOAS measurements of arom. compds. is addressed. The MAH concn. time series and its relation to that of NMHCs, as well as to the meteorol. conditions, are presented. The VOC release and prodn. phenomena involved in the wastewater and sludge treatment processes are analyzed using complementary measurements of arom. compds. in wastewater and gas processing streams.

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